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. 2017 Jul 18;7:5650. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05995-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of ER stress on neuronal necrosis and stroke. (a) Effect of TM on glutamate-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells. The cell death was determined by PI staining. The statistic result is shown on the bar graph. Trial n = 4. (b) Effect of TM on glutamate-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells. The cell death was determined by the ATP assay. Trial n = 4. (c) Protein level of p53 and the active state of autophagy. The result showed that TM treatment reduced p53 accumulation upon glutamate treatment and autophagy was activated as shown by the increased LC3-II level. The Mdm2 protein level shows no change. Trail n = 3. (d) Immunofluorescent staining of p53 in SH-SY5Y cells. DAPI labels DNA. The bar graph shows the percentages of p53 positive cells from 3 independent experiments. (e) Effect of TM (dissolved in DMSO) on the rat MCAO model. Injection of DMSO is the sham control. The white areas of TTC-stained images show the levels of brain damage. The quantitative data is shown in the bar graph. Five rats were tested for each condition. (f) Protein level of p53 detected by Western blot under conditions indicated. Trial n = 3.