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. 2017 Jul 18;7:5677. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05888-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experimental paradigm. (a) Participants were shown two objects for 2 seconds each with a random inter stimulus interval (ISI) lasting between 1 and 3 seconds during which a fixation cross was shown. Next, another fixation cross was shown for 1–3 seconds after which a red cue was presented indicating which of the two objects the participant had to imagine. Subsequently a frame was presented for 3.5 seconds on which the participant had to imagine the cued stimulus. After this they had to rate their experienced imagery vividness on a scale from 1 (not vivid at all) to 4 (very vivid). Each trial was followed by a 4-second baseline period in which there was no perception and no imagery. The apple image can be found at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Apple.jpg, it falls under the CC Attribution 2.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/) and functions as a placeholder for the original stimulus which cannot be shown due to copyright limitations. (b) Boxcar regressor for perception used as driving and modulatory input for the DCM. This regressor was on for 2 seconds during the first stimulus presentation, off during the inter-stimulus-interval, and then on again for 2 seconds during the second stimulus presentation. (c) Boxcar regressor for imagery, this regressor was on for 3.5 seconds during the presentation of the imagery frame.