Figure 3.

The mechanisms of action of emerging nano-inhibitors targeting TLR signaling pathways. The HDL-like NP is capable of sequestering LPS to down-regulate TLR4 signaling; NAHNP and 11-NP can block the LPS binding to TLR4-MD2 complex, and thus inhibit TLR4 signal transduction; bare gold nanoparticle (GNP) is able to down-regulate TLR4 expression; the peptide-gold nanoparticle hybrid P12 can inhibit multiple TLR pathways including TLR2, 3, 4 and 5, and block the endosomal acidification. These nano-inhibitors can eventually down-regulate the transcription factors NF-κB and IRF activation, leading to the inhibition of the production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons.