Table 4. DBS effects on sleep and pain.
| Author | Year | Outcome measure | Type of study | No. of patients | Main outcome after DBS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amara et al.60 | 2012 | Primary: sleep PSQI questionnaire | 6 months prospective | 53 | Unilateral STN DBS improves subjective sleep quality. |
| Lyons and Pahwa61 | 2006 | Primary: sleep Epworth sleepiness Scale | 24 months prospective | 43 | Bilateral STN DBS improved sleep quality. Early morning dystonia and nocturnal akinesia improved. No change in excessive daytime sleepiness. |
| Hjort et al.59 | 2004 | Primary: sleep PDSS | 3 months prospective | 10 | Bilateral STN DBS improved sleep quality, but no change in excessive daytime sleepiness or nocturia. |
| Iranzo et al.58 | 2002 | Primary: sleep PSQI questionnaire Polysomnography | 6 months prospective | 11 | Subjective and objective improvement in sleep quality (decreased arousal index). |
| Cury et al.64 | 2014 | Primary: pain NMSS, Visual Analog Scale | 1-year prospective | 44 | Bilateral STN DBS shows improvement in pain intensity, particularly dystonic and musculoskeletal pain. Motor and non-motor symptoms did not correlate with pain relief. |
| Kim et al.63 | 2012 | Primary: pain Clinical Interview | 2-year prospective | 21 | Bilateral STN DBS improves pain, sustained for 24 months. However, de novo primarily musculoskeletal pain developed during follow-up. |
| Gierthmöhlen et al.65 | 2010 | Primary: pain QST | 6 months prospective | 17 | Bilateral STN DBS shows improvement in pain, however no objective change in pain sensitivity. |
| Loher et al.62 | 2002 | Secondary: pain MMS, HDS | 12 months prospective | 16 | Unilateral and bilateral GPi shows improvement in pain at 3-month and 12-month follow-up. |
Abbreviations: DBS, deep brain stimulation; HDS, Hamilton Depression Scale; MMS, Mini-Mental Scale; NMSS, Non-Motor Symptoms Scale; PDSS, Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Questionnaire; QST, quantitative sensory testing; STN, subthalamic nucleus.