Table 1. Demographic statistics and behavioral results.
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PD+FOG (n=17)
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PD−NF (n=10)
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | Mean | s.d. | Mean | s.d. | T-value | P-value |
| Age | 67.4 | 6.2 | 64.8 | 4.1 | 1.15 | 0.262 |
| Disease duration | 116 | 63 | 92.4 | 28 | 1.09 | 0.285 |
| DDE | 776 | 321 | 785 | 296 | 0.07 | 0.945 |
| UPDRS-III | 37.2 | 12 | 30.1 | 11 | 1.53 | 0.139 |
| MMSE | 28.0 | 2.2 | 29.4 | 0.7 | 1.96 | 0.061 |
| MOCA | 25.6 | 3.2 | 28.3 | 2.3 | 2.36 | 0.027 |
| HADS (Anxiety) | 6.12 | 3.3 | 3.40 | 2.4 | 2.29 | 0.031 |
| HADS (Depression) | 5.59 | 2.6 | 1.40 | 1.7 | 4.53 | <0.01 |
| Median | Range | Median | Range | Z-value | P-value | |
| H&Ya | 2.5 | 2.0–3.0 | 2.0 | 2.0–2.5 | −1.55 | 0.122 |
| FOG-Q3a | 3.10 | 2.0–4.0 | 0 | 0 | −4.14 | <0.01 |
| UPDRS 3.7a (Toe tap R)a | 2.0 | 0–3.0 | 1.0 | 0–2.0 | −1.70 | 0.127 |
| UPDRS 3.7b (Toe tap L)a | 2.0 | 0–3.0 | 1.0 | 0–2.0 | −1.13 | 0.286 |
| UPDRS 3.8a (Leg agility R)a | 1.0 | 0–3.0 | 1.0 | 0–2.0 | −1.67 | 0.127 |
| UPDRS 3.8b (Leg agility L)a | 1.0 | 0–3.0 | 1.0 | 0–2.0 | −1.33 | 0.223 |
| Virtual Reality task | Mean | s.d. | Mean | s.d. | T-value | P-value |
| Max SFSL turning | 1.14 | 0.09 | 1.07 | 0.10 | 2.33 | 0.028 |
| Max SFSL walking | 1.12 | 0.09 | 1.06 | 0.02 | 2.34 | 0.027 |
| CV turning | 16.5 | 5.84 | 9.60 | 3.9 | 3.31 | <0.01 |
| CV walking | 15.7 | 5.44 | 9.26 | 3.9 | 3.27 | <0.01 |
| Modal FSL | 0.56 | 0.11 | 0.62 | 0.10 | 1.39 | 0.172 |
Abbreviations: PD+FOG, Parkinson’s disease patients with freezing of gait; PD−NF, Parkinson’s disease patients without freezing of gait.
Independent sample t-test results presented unless otherwise indicated.
Demographics: Disease duration given in months, DDE, daily dopamine dose equivalence; FOG-Q3, question 3 of the freezing of gait questionnaire; HADS, hospital anxiety and depression scale; H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; MOCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; UPDRS-III, motor section of the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale without Q10 (gait) and Q11 (freezing); UPDRS 3.7 and 3.8, Average scores on Q3.7a and Q3.7b and 3.8a and 3.8b of the UPDRS (Left and right toe tapping and leg agility, respectively). Virtual Reality task: CV, coefficient of variation; Max SFSL, maximum scaled footstep latency as scaled to the modal FSL; Modal FSL, modal footstep latency. All analyses were two-tailed with an alpha of 0.05.
Mann–Whitney U-test used.