Table 3.
Adjusted mean differences (aMD) in bio-physical risk factors for cardiovascular disease among adults on long-term ART
| Risk Factor | Systolic BP (mmHg) | Diastolic BP (mmHg) | Waist/hips ratio | WC (cm) | BMI (kg/m2) | FHS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aMD (95% CI) | aMD (95% CI) | aMD (95% CI) | aMD (95% CI) | aMD (95% CI) | aMD (95% CI) | ||
| ART regimen at enrolment | p-value | ||||||
| 0.062 | <0.001 | 0.067 | 0.267 | 0.084 | 0.463 | ||
| Non- PI | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |
| PI | -3.031 (-6.30-0.2) | -3.771 (-6.3--2.3) | 0.010 (-0.001-0.02) | -0.9 (-2.5-0.7) | -1.9 (-4.1-0.3) | -0.3 (-1.2-0.5) | |
| Study site | P-value | 0.050 | 0.092 | 0.239 | <0.001 | 0.066 | 0.125 |
| Entebbe(peri-urban) | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |
| Kyamulibwa (rural) | -4.77 (-9.6--0.07) | -2.54 (-5.5--0.45) | -0.010 (-0.027-0.007) | -5.7 (-8.2--3.1) | -3.2 (-6.7-0.2) | -1.0 (-2.3-0.3) | |
| Sex | P-value | 0.004 | 0.849 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
| Females | ---- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Males | ---- | 4.4 (1.4-7.4) | 0.2 (-1.7-2.1) | 0.034 (0.024-0.044) | -3.4 (-4.9--1.9) | -3.3 (-5.4--1.2) | 3.2 (2.3-4.0) |
| Age (years) | P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.377 | <0.001 |
| 18-34 | ---- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 35-49 | ---- | 5.9 (1.7-10.1) | 4.3 (1.6-6.9) | 0.011 (-0.003-0.025) | 3.0 (0.8-5.1) | 1.7 (-1.2-4.6) | 1.7 (0.5-2.8) |
| 50+ | ---- | 15.4 (10.8-20.0) | 7.3 (4.5-10.1) | 0.028 (0.012-0.043) | 4.7 (2.4-7.0) | 0.8 (-2.4-3.9) | 8.1 (6.9-9.4) |
| Animal proteins consumption (days/week) | P-value | 0.468 | 0.336 | 0.158 | 0.045 | 0.161 | 0.019 |
| 0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |
| 1 or 2 | -0.2 (-3.4-2.9) | -1.1(-3.0-0.8) | -0.009 (-0.019-0.001) | 0.7 (-0.9-2.3) | 0.7 (-1.4-2.8) | -0.4 (-1.2-0.5) | |
| 3+ | 1.6 (-2.0-5.3) | 0.1 (-2.2-2.4) | -0.002 (-0.014-0.010) | 2.2 (0.4-4.1) | 2.3 (-0.2-4.9) | 0.8 (-0.2-1.8) | |
| Physical activity intensity | p-value | 0.014 | <0.001 | 0.859 | 0.018 | 0.073 | 0.010 |
| Low | ---- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Moderate-High | -3.7 (-6.6--0.7) | -3.9 (-5.7--2.1) | -0.001 (-0.011-0.009) | -1.8 (-3.3--0.3) | -1.8 (-3.9-0.2) | -1.0 (-1.8 - -0.2) | |
| SES score (tertiles) | P-value | 0.483 | 0.444 | 0.553 | 0.134 | 0.902 | 0.011 |
| Low | ---- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Medium | ---- | -1.25 (-4.20-1.69) | -0.95 (-2.76-0.88) | -0.01(-0.02-0.01) | 1.12 (-0.34-2.59) | -0.01 (-0.18-0.16) | 0.3 (-0.5 – 1.0) |
| High | 0.80 (-2.85-4.44) | 0.29 (-1.96-2.54) | -0.01 (-0.02-0.01) | 1.66 (-0.15-3.46) | 0.29 (-1.96-2.54) | 1.4 (0.5 – 2.3) | |
| Tobacco consumption | P-value | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.85 | 0.31 | 0.23 | <0.001 |
| Never | ---- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ex-smoker | ---- | 0.2 (-4.4-4.7) | 0.4 (-2.4-3.2) | 0.002 (-0.01-0.02) | -0.6 (-2.9-1.6) | 2.6 (-0.5-5.7) | 4.3 (3.1-5.5) |
| Current smoker | ---- | -3.8 (-8.8-1.2) | -2.8 (-5.9-0.3) | -0.004 (-0.02-0.01) | -1.9 (-4.4-0.6) | 1.2 (-2.3-4.6) | 3.1 (1.7-4.4) |
| Alcohol consumption | P-value+ | 0.56 | 0.31 | 0.35 | 0.20 | 0.72 | 0.018 |
| Never | ---- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ever>1month ago | ---- | 0.7 (-2.3-3.6) | 0.4 (-1.4-2.3) | -0.01 (-0.020-0.003) | -1.1 (-2.5-0.4) | -0.0 (-2.1-2.0) | 0.5 (-0.3-1.3) |
| within<1month | 1.8 (-1.5-5.1) | 1.5 (-0.5-3.6) | -0.01 (-0.020-0.005) | 0.3 (-1.4-1.9) | 0.8 (-1.4-3.1) | -0.7 (-1.6-0.2) | |
| CD4 counts (cells/ml) | P-value | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 0.74 | 0.31 |
| <350 | ---- | ---- | --- | ---- | ---- | --- | --- |
| 350 – 500 | ---- | 2.29 (-1.08-5.66) | 1.29 (-0.78-3.37) | 0.005 (-0.006-0.016) | 0.56 (-1.117-2.230) | 0.194 (-2.20-2.59) | 0.3 (-0.6 – 1.2) |
| >500 | 3.09 (-0.28-6.46) | 2.68 (0.60-4.76) | 0.010 (-0.001-0.021) | 2.22 (0.544-3.891 | 0.88 (-1.52-3.27) | 0.7 (-0.2 – 1.5) | |
| VL (copies /ml) | P-value | 0.011 | 0.073 | 0.187 | 0.15 | 0.81 | 0.728 |
| <1000 | ---- | ----- | ---- | -- | -- | -- | --- |
| 000 – 9999 | ---- | -5.50 (-11.34-0.34) | -1.70 (-5.32-1.92) | 0.01 (-0.01-0.03) | 2.576 (-0.30-5.45) | -0.39 (-4.92-4.15) | 0.6 (-0.9 – 2.1) |
| 10,000+ | ---- | -5.37 (-9.57--1.18) | -2.90 (-5.45--0.26) | 0.01 (-0.003-0.02) | 1.015 (-1.05 -3.08) | -1.058 (-4.32-2.20) | 0.2 (-0.9 – 1.3) |
P-value from the likelihood ratio test, aMD -Average mean differences from the reference values ( --- ), PI-protease inhibitor, SES score-social economic status score, HDL-high density lipoprotein, LDL-low density lipoprotein, Tc-total cholesterol, VL-Viral loads, BMI-Body mass index, BP –Blood pressure, WC – Waist circumference and FHS- 10 year Framingham’s risk score