Table 2.

In vivo studies.

Author	Study design	Cell source	Result
Shiraishi et al. (2012) [10]	An efficient method of generating bone from BFPSCs using rhBMP-2	Human	(i) BFPSCs can differentiate in vitro towards the osteoblastic lineage by addition of rhBMP-2 regardless of presence of osteoinductive reagents (ALP activity, calcification, and gene expression)
			(ii) Adipogenic genes were detectable only in cultures with rhBMP-2 and OSR.
			(iii) BFPSCs: formed engineered bone when pretreated with rhBMP-2 for inducing mature osteoblastic differentiation
			(iv) BFPSCs: had characteristic spindle shape and formed a monolayer
Nagasaki et al. (2015) [18]	Combination of LIPUS & NHA as scaffold for BFPSCs (transplantation in calvarial bone defects of nude mice)	Human	(i) Significantly increased the osteogenic differentiation of BFPSCs in vitro and in vivo
			(ii) Enhanced new bone formation of margin of defects
			(iii) Synergistic effects of LIPUS and NHA: capable of effectively inducing differentiation of BFPSCs into osteoblasts
Khojasteh and Sadeghi (2015) [11]	Preliminary: BFPSCs with autogenous iliac bone graft in treatment of maxillomandibular extreme jaw atrophy	Human	(i) Mean bone width change at the graft site: greater in the test group than in the control group (3.94–1.62 mm versus 3.01–0.89 mm)
			(ii) New bone formation: 65.32% in the test group versus 49.21% in the control group
			(iii) Increased amount of new bone formation & decreased secondary bone resorption in extensively atrophic jaws

BFPSCs: buccal fat pad stem cells; ALP: alkaline phosphate; NHA: nanohydroxyapatite; rhBMP2: recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein, LIPUS: low-intensity pulsed ultrasound; OSR: osteoinductive reagents.