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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2017 May 15;10(7):410–420. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-17-0033

Table 4.

Frequency of post-diagnostic NSAID use in relation to mortality in NIH-AARP and PLCO

Aspirin
Non-aspirin NSAID
None Occasional Daily None Occasional Daily
Prostate cancer-specific mortality
AARP
  No. of deaths, n=209 62 59 88 125 71 13
  Model 1, HRs (95%CIs) a ref 0.85 (0.59, 1.22) 0.81 (0.58, 1.12) ref 0.97 (0.72, 1.30) 0.87 (0.49, 1.54)
  Model 2, HRs (95%CIs) b ref 0.91 (0.63, 1.31) 0.82 (0.58, 1.16) ref 0.95 (0.70, 1.28) 0.74 (0.41, 1.33)
  Model 3, HRs (95%CIs) c ref 0.87 (0.60, 1.27) 0.77 (0.54, 1.11) ref 0.97 (0.71, 1.33) 0.78 (0.43, 1.43)
PLCO total
  No. of deaths, n=35 5 15 15 19 12 4
  Model 1, HRs (95%CIs) d ref 1.44 (0.51, 4.03) 1.30 (0.47, 3.61) ref 1.58 (0.75, 3.30) 2.53 (0.84, 7.62)
  Model 2, HRs (95%CIs) e ref 1.56 (0.55, 4.40) 1.27 (0.44, 3.63) ref 1.63 (0.78, 3.43) 2.22 (0.71, 6.94)
  Model 3, HRs (95%CIs) f ref 1.52 (0.53, 4.33) 1.26 (0.43, 3.67) ref 1.65 (0.77, 3.50) 2.35 (0.74, 7.51)
Pooled HRs (95%CIs) g ref 0.93 (0.65, 1.33) 0.81 (0.58, 1.14) ref 1.05 (0.79, 1.40) 0.99 (0.58, 1.68)
All-cause mortality
AARP
  No. of deaths, n=1326 397 344 585 808 425 93
  Model 1, HRs (95%CIs) a ref 0.78 (0.67, 0.90) 0.80 (0.70, 0.91) ref 0.91 (0.81, 1.02) 1.02 (0.82, 1.26)
  Model 2, HRs (95%CIs) b ref 0.83 (0.72, 0.96) 0.77 (0.67, 0.87) ref 0.92 (0.82, 1.04) 0.90 (0.72, 1.12)
  Model 3, HRs (95%CIs) c ref 0.85 (0.73, 0.98) 0.75 (0.66, 0.86) ref 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) 0.89 (0.71, 1.12)
PLCO total
  No. of deaths, n=208 47 65 96 138 53 17
  Model 1, HRs (95%CIs) d ref 0.74 (0.51, 1.08) 0.86 (0.61, 1.23) ref 0.97 (0.71, 1.33) 1.19 (0.71, 1.97)
  Model 2, HRs (95%CIs) e ref 0.73 (0.50, 1.06) 0.76 (0.53, 1.09) ref 1.01 (0.73, 1.39) 1.27 (0.76, 2.12)
  Model 3, HRs (95%CIs) f ref 0.72 (0.49, 1.05) 0.76 (0.52, 1.10) ref 0.97 (0.70, 1.34) 1.27 (0.76, 2.14)
Pooled HRs (95%CIs) g ref 0.83 (0.72, 0.95) 0.75 (0.66, 0.86) ref 0.94 (0.84, 1.06) 0.94 (0.77, 1.16)

Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; ref, reference.

a

Model 1 used age as the time-metric, adjusted for Gleason score (<7 vs. ≥7), tumor stage (localized vs. regional/distant), and primary treatment (no curative treatment, prostatectomy, radiation only, hormone treatment only, radiation and hormone treatment, and other).

b

Model 2 additionally adjusted for race (Non-Hispanic whites vs. other), marital status (married/cohabiting vs. other), history of cardiovascular disease (ever vs. never), history of diabetes (ever vs. never), BMI (<25, 25–29, and ≥30 kg/m2), smoking status (never, former & quit≥10 years, former & quit<10 years, and current & quit<1 year), history of prostate cancer screening (ever vs. never), and self-reported general health status (excellent/very good, good, and fair or poor).

c

Model 3 additionally adjusted for pre-diagnostic aspirin or non-aspirin NSAID use, respectively, from Risk Factor Questionnaire.

d

Model 1 used age as the time-metric, adjusted for Gleason score (<7 vs. ≥7), tumor stage (localized vs. regional/distant), primary treatment (prostatectomy, radiation only, hormone treatment only, radiation and hormone treatment, and other), and trial arm (screening vs. standard of care).

e

Model 2 additionally adjusted for race (Non-Hispanic whites vs. other), marital status (married/cohabiting vs. other), history of cardiovascular disease (ever vs. never), history of diabetes (ever vs. never), BMI (<25, 25–29, and ≥30 kg/m2), and smoking status (never, former & quit≥10 years, former & quit<10 years, and current & quit<1 year).

f

Model 3 additionally adjusted for pre-diagnostic aspirin or non-aspirin NSAID use, respectively, from Baseline Questionnaire for Men.

g

Pooled HRs and 95%CIs were computed using study-specific results from Model #3 in fixed-effects models