. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2016 Jun 7;25(5):447–458. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2016.2577882

TABLE 2.

Time-domain features (mean ± standard deviation) extracted from the three anatomical axes of swallowing signals grouped by the participants’ stroke history and viscosity

		Stroke			Non-Stroke
		σ_s(g) * 10⁻²	ξ_s	γ_s * 10²	σ_ns(g) * 10⁻²	ξ_ns	γ_ns * 10²
Thin	A-P	0.16 ± 0.13^§^†	0.55 ± 4.88	1.66 ± 7.92	0.19 ± 0.19^§^†	0.72 ± 2.55^§	0.37 ± 0.75
	S-I	0.29 ± 0.22^§^‡	−0.47 ± 1.60	0.18 ± 0.30	0.31 ± 0.21^§^‡	−0.57 ± 2.69^§	0.42 ± 1.50
	M-L	0.06 ± 0.04^†^‡	0.71 ± 3.53	0.30 ± 1.75	0.07 ± 0.07^†^‡	0.31 ± 3.42	0.61 ± 4.46

Nectar	A-P	0.15 ± 0.20^§^†	−0.09 ± 4.57	1.48 ± 8.37	0.16 ± 0.20^§^†	0.73 ± 2.24	0.49 ±1.10
	S-I	0.24 ± 0.19^§^‡	−0.30 ± 1.34	0.15 ± 0.24	0.28 ± 0.23^§^‡	0.14 ± 4.37	0.71 ± 2.90
	M-L	0.06 ± 0.04^†^‡	0.13 ± 1.14	0.13 ± 0.33	0.06 ± 0.05^†^‡	0.64 ± 3.57	0.78 ± 3.79

Puddung	A-P	0.10 ± 0.05^§^†	−1.40 ± 4.79	1.83 ± 7.96	0.18 ± 0.14^§^†	1.12 ± 3.21^§	0.55 ± 0.99^§
	S-I	0.20 ± 0.11^§^‡	−0.13 ± 0.74	0.06 ± 0.07	0.27 ± 0.18^§^‡	−0.05 ± 1.87^§	0.24 ± 0.46^§
	M-L	0.05 ± 0.03^†^‡	0.20 ± 1.07	0.08 ± 0.21	0.08 ± 0.10^†^‡	0.05 ± 0.45	0.41 ± 1.58

σ = Standard deviation, ξ = Skewness, γ = Kurtosis

^†

= Statistical difference between A-P and M-L axes

^‡

= Statistical difference between S-I and M-L axes

^§

= Statistical difference between A-P and S-I axes

Values were statistically significant when probability is less than 0.05 (p-value < 0.05).