. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2016 Jun 7;25(5):447–458. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2016.2577882

TABLE 4.

Frequency features (mean ± standard deviation) extracted from the three anatomical axes of swallowing signals grouped by the participants’ stroke history and viscosity

Stroke

Non-Stroke

f_s(H_z)*10²

{\hat{f}}_{s} (H_{z}) * 10^{3}

BW_s(H_z) * 10²

f_ns(Hz) * 10²

{\hat{f}}_{n s} (H_{z}) * 10^{2}

BW_ns(H_z) * 10²

Thin

A-P

0.20 ± 0.68

0.41 ± 1.15

4.22 ± 5.75^†

0.15 ± 0.42

1.19 ± 2.12

2.10 ± 3.53^§^†

S-I

0.11 ± 0.11

0.08 ± 0.07^‡

1.46 ± 1.46

0.12 ± 0.27

0.96 ± 3.91

1.45 ± 3.38^§

M-L

0.06 ±0.11

0.04 ± 0.10^‡

0.98 ± 1.61^†

0.08 ± 0.23

0.95 ± 4.66

1.16 ± 3.30^†

Nectar

A-P

1.06 ± 8.04

0.29 ± 0.96

3.38 ± 6.12

0.08 ± 0.20

1.72 ± 3.42

3.22 ± 5.33^†

S-I

0.12 ± 0.28

0.04 ± 0.06

1.01 ± 1.42

0.12 ± 0.43

1.16 ± 3.98

1.90 ± 3.92

M-L

0.06 ± 0.13

0.03 ± 0.06

0.81 ± 1.02

0.06 ± 0.08

1.01 ± 4.80

1.24 ± 3.95^†

Pudding

A-P

0.03 ± 0.02^§^†

0.29 ± 1.22

2.50 ± 6.25

0.12 ± 0.36

1.41 ± 2.28^§

2.67 ± 3.62

S-I

0.06 ± 0.02^§

0.03 ± 0.04

0.80 ± 1.57

0.09 ± 0.09

0.96 ± 2.07^§

2.06 ± 4.07

M-L

0.05 ± 0.03^†

0.02 ± 0.03

1.35 ± 1.93

0.08 ± 0.18

1.19 ± 4.17

2.05 ± 5.66

f = Peak frequency, $\hat{f}$ = Spectral centroid, BW = Bandwidth

^†

= Statistical difference between A-P and M-L axes

^‡

= Statistical difference between S-I and M-L axes

^§

= Statistical difference between A-P and S-I axes

Values were statistically significant when probability is less than 0.05 (p-value < 0.05).