Table 3.
Unstandardized Parameter Estimates from Sex, Age, and SES Moderation Models.
| Parameter
|
Preferred Sex Moderation Model
|
Preferred Age Moderation Model
|
Preferred SES Model (No Moderation) |
Full SES Moderation
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variance in Cortisone | Estimate | (95% CI) | p-value | Estimate | (95% CI) | p-value | Estimate | (95% CI) | p-value | Estimate | (95% CI) | p-value |
| Main A effect (ACN0) | .68 | (.49, .86) | < .001 | .42 | (.09, .74) | .04 | .63 | (.41, .84) | < .001 | .70 | (.55, .86) | < .001 |
| A × Sex Interaction (ACN1) | −.05 | (−.25, .14) | .64 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| A × Age Interaction (ACN1) | – | – | – | .03 | (−.14, .08) | .25 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| A × SES Interaction (ACN1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −.13 | (−.24, −.01) | .08 |
| Main C effect (CCN0) | .35 | (.04, .65) | .06 | .67 | (.42, .92) | < .001 | .41 | (.15, .67) | .009 | .26 | (−.05, .58) | .17 |
| C × Sex Interaction (CCN1) | .19 | (.01, .37) | .08 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| C × Age Interaction (CCN1) | – | – | – | −.05 | (−.10, .01) | .14 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| C × SES Interaction (CCN1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | .12 | (.03, .20) | .02 |
| Main E effect (ECN0) | .64 | (.57, .71) | < .001 | .57 | (.46, .69) | < .001 | .63 | (.55, .71) | < .001 | .61 | (.54, .67) | < .001 |
| E × Sex Interaction (ECN1) | −.13 | (−.25, −.01) | .07 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| E × Age Interaction (ECN1) | – | – | – | .02 | (−.01, .05) | .13 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| E × SES Interaction (ECN1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | .04 | (−.03, .10) | .37 |
| Main Sex effect | .63 | (.43, .83) | < .001 | .62 | (.42, .81) | < .001 | .55 | (.36, .75) | < .001 | .56 | (.36, .77) | < .001 |
| Main Age effect | .08 | (.06, .10) | < .001 | .08 | (.06, .10) | < .001 | .08 | (.06, .10) | < .001 | .08 | (.05, 10) | < .001 |
| Age × Sex Interaction | −.06 | (−.10, −.01) | .04 | −.06 | (−.10, −.01) | .03 | −.04 | (−.08, < .01) | .14 | −.04 | (−.08, < .01) | .11 |
| Main SES effect | – | – | – | – | – | – | −.01 | (−.07, .06) | .84 | −.01 | (−.07, .06) | .92 |
| Race (Hispanic) | .31 | (.13, .49) | .01 | .30 | (.11, .48) | .01 | .21 | (.03, .40) | .06 | .21 | (.02, .40) | .06 |
| Race (African American) | .33 | (.02, .65) | .08 | .33 | (.02, .65) | .08 | .26 | (−.05, .58) | .17 | .28 | (−.04, .61) | .15 |
| Race (Other) | .11 | (−.08, .30) | .34 | .10 | (−.09, .29) | .40 | .09 | (−.10, .28) | .42 | .10 | (−.09, .28) | .40 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Variance in Cortisol | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Main A effect (AC0) | .79 | (.67, .91) | < .001 | .79 | (.50, 1.07) | < .001 | .72 | (.55, .89) | < .001 | .75 | (.65, .84) | < .001 |
| A × Age Interaction (AC1) | – | – | – | −.02 | (−.07, .03) | .49 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| A × SES Interaction (AC1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −.03 | (−.17, .12) | .77 |
| Main C effect (CC0) | −.06 | (−1.15, 1.03) | .93 | .69 | (.38, .99) | < .001 | .32 | (.03, .60) | .07 | .09 | (−.19, .37) | .59 |
| C × Age Interaction (CC1) | – | – | – | −.13 | (−.17, −.05) | < .001 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| C × SES Interaction (CC1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | .24 | (.10, .38) | .004 |
| Main E effect (EC0) | .58 | (.52, .65) | < .001 | .69 | (.56, .82) | < .001 | .58 | (.51, .65) | < .001 | .57 | (.51, .64) | < .001 |
| E × Age Interaction (EC1) | – | – | – | −.02 | (−.04, .01) | 0.16 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| E × SES Interaction (EC1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −.02 | (−.10, .06) | .66 |
| Main Sex effect | .57 | (.35, .79) | < .001 | .54 | (.33, .75) | < .001 | .55 | (.36, .75) | < .001 | .54 | (.33, .76) | < .001 |
| Main Age effect | .05 | (.03, .07) | < .001 | .05 | (.03, .07) | < .001 | .05 | (.02, .07) | .001 | .05 | (.02, .07) | < .001 |
| Age × Sex Interaction | −.07 | (−.11, −.02) | .009 | −.06 | (−.10, −.02) | .01 | −.05 | (−.09, −.02) | .02 | −.05 | (−.09, −.01) | .03 |
| Main SES effect | – | – | – | – | – | – | .04 | (−.03, .10) | .38 | .02 | (−.04, .09) | .58 |
| Race (Hispanic) | .02 | (−.13, .18) | .83 | .04 | (−.12, .19) | .70 | .02 | (−.14, .17) | .86 | .01 | (−.14, .17) | .90 |
| Race (African American) | .81 | (.44, 1.19) | < .001 | .83 | (.47, 1.12) | < .001 | .66 | (.26, 1.06) | .01 | .68 | (.28, 1.08) | .01 |
| Race (Other) | −.08 | (−.29, .13) | .51 | −.08 | (−.27, .11) | .50 | −.10 | (−.32, .11) | .43 | −.09 | (−.31, .13) | .50 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Cortisone with Cortisol | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Main A Correlation (ra0) | .78 | (.55, .99) | < .001 | .74 | (.08, 1.40) | .07 | .73 | (.45, 1.01) | < .001 | .65 | (.44, .87) | < .001 |
| rA × Age Interaction (ra1) | – | – | – | < .01 | (−.10, .11) | .96 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| rA × SES Interaction (ra1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −.03 | (−.38, .32) | .89 |
| Main C Correlation (rc0) | 2.76 | (−50.26, 55.77) | .93 | .58 | (.09, 1.06) | .05 | .23 | (−.65, 1.11) | .67 | 1.33 | (.01, 2.64) | .10 |
| rC × Age Interaction (rc1) | – | – | – | −.10 | (−.27, .08) | .35 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| rC × SES Interaction rc1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −.99 | (−2.17, .19) | .17 |
| Main E Correlation (re0) | .42 | (.30, .54) | < .001 | .19 | (−.03, .40) | .15 | .40 | (.26, .53) | < .001 | .41 | (.29, .54) | < .001 |
| rE × Age Interaction (re1) | – | – | – | .06 | (.03, .09) | .00 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| rE × SES Interaction (re1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | <.01 | (−.17, .16) | .99 |
Note. 95% CI = 95% confidence interval. p-value = two-tailed probability of Type-I error. A = additive genetic; C = shared environment; E = non-shared environment. Results are presented for preferred (based on model comparisons) age and sex moderation models. Results are presented for the preferred age, sex, and SES moderation models based on model comparisons. The preferred sex model allowed for moderation of only cortisone ACE estimates, while the preferred age moderation model estimated age moderation for cortisol, cortisone, and the ACE correlations. The preferred SES model did not allow for moderation by SES of any parameters; however, results are also provided for a model that allowed SES to moderate cortisol, cortisone, and the ACE correlations. Sex was effects coded (female = −.5, male = .5) such that the main effects parameters of A, C, and E represent population-mean effects (assuming an equal sex distribution in the population) and interaction effects of sex by A, C, and E represent the sex difference in the corresponding parameter value. Age was centered at 8 years of age to reflect the lowest observed integer value in the sample. Thus the main effects parameters of A, C, and E represent model-implied biometric effects at age 8 years, and interaction effects of age by A, C, and E represent the difference in the corresponding parameter value for each additional year of age.