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. 2017 Jul 20;7:324. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00324

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Innate immune response to Plasmodium liver stage infection. Plasmodium infection of hepatocytes activates interferon regulatory factors (IRF), which induce transcription of type I interferons (IFN) IFNα and IFNβ. Secretion of type I IFNs activates IFNα/β receptor IFNAR in an autocrine or paracrine manner. IFNAR signaling results in transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which includes chemokines, such as CXCL9 and CXCL10. Upon secretion from hepatocytes, these chemokines might recruit cells expressing the corresponding chemokine receptor CXCR3, including natural killer (NK), T, and NKT cells. Upon activation by type I IFN at the site of infection, these cell types could contribute to limiting Plasmodium liver stage expansion by IFN-γ secretion. Based on Liehl et al. (2014) and Miller et al. (2014).