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. 2017 Jul 19;7:5921. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05656-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of TCDD on intestinal permeability and motility. Para-cellular permeability of the (A) gastroduodenal region, (B) small intestine, and (C) colon in male C57BL/6 mice orally gavaged with sesame oil vehicle or 30 µg/kg TCDD every 4 days. At 26 days after the initial dose, mice were orally gavaged with sucrose, lactulose, mannitol, and sucralose to assess segment-specific intestinal permeability. Urine was collected over a 5-hour period, and fractional excretion (FE) of the probes was measured using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). (D) Whole gut transit time of male C57BL/6 mice orally gavaged with sesame oil vehicle or 30 µg/kg TCDD every 4 days. At 27 days after the initial dose, transit time was monitored by orally gavaging mice with Carmine Red and then measuring the interval between the gavage and the first observance of dye in the fecal pellets. (E) Fecal pellets collected from mice following oral gavage with Carmine Red dye (right) compared to pellets lacking the dye (left). Bars represent the average ± standard error of the mean for at least 6 biological replicates. Statistical significance (*p ≤ 0.05) was determined using a Student’s t-test performed in SAS 9.3.