Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study subjects.
| Continuous variables | Males (n = 635) | Females (n = 944) | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Age at enrollment (years) | 53.5 | 9.5 | 52.6 | 8.6 | 0.065 | |
| Body height (cm) | 166.9 | 6.4 | 156.3 | 5.5 | < 0.0001 | |
| Body weight (kg) | 70.2 | 10.2 | 59.0 | 9.8 | < 0.0001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 | 3.2 | 24.2 | 3.7 | < 0.0001 | |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 95.5 | 6.0 | 94.6 | 8.4 | 0.017 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85.7 | 8.0 | 77.7 | 9.2 | < 0.0001 | |
| Waist-to-hip ratio (%) | 89.6 | 5.2 | 82.0 | 6.4 | < 0.0001 | |
| Body shape index (m11/6 × kg−2/3) | 0.077 | 0.004 | 0.075 | 0.005 | < 0.0001 | |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 130.3 | 18.5 | 125.7 | 19.9 | < 0.0001 | |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 81.4 | 13.5 | 77.4 | 13.3 | < 0.0001 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 204.4 | 38.0 | 209.9 | 36.7 | 0.0053 | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 50.0 | 13.1 | 60.7 | 15.3 | < 0.0001 | |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 124.9 | 33.8 | 123.1 | 32.7 | 0.27 | |
| LDL-/HDL-C ratio | 2.66 | 0.96 | 2.17 | 0.81 | < 0.0001 | |
| Total-/HDL-C ratio | 4.32 | 1.21 | 3.64 | 0.99 | < 0.0001 | |
| FTG (mg/dL) | 135.2 | 111.9 | 101.9 | 66.9 | < 0.0001 | |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 101.2 | 28.2 | 97.7 | 24.9 | 0.010 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.38 | 0.99 | 5.77 | 0.74 | 0.14 | |
| Insulin (mIU/L) | 6.98 | 5.10 | 7.60 | 6.88 | 0.065 | |
| HOMA index | 1.79 | 1.72 | 1.89 | 2.09 | 0.37 | |
| Log (FTG/LDL-C) | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.17 | 0.31 | < 0.0001 | |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.28 | 1.33 | 4.82 | 1.12 | < 0.0001 | |
| Number of metabolic components | 1.74 | 1.31 | 1.52 | 1.33 | 0.0014 | |
| 10-years CVD risk (%) | 17.7 | 13.9 | 7.1 | 6.5 | < 0.0001 | |
| Far-wall CCA IMT (mm) | ||||||
| Right | 0.658 | 0.124 | 0.626 | 0.116 | < 0.0001 | |
| Left | 0.677 | 0.130 | 0.637 | 0.110 | < 0.0001 | |
| Mean | 0.668 | 0.113 | 0.632 | 0.100 | < 0.0001 | |
| Dichotomous variables | n | % | n | % | ||
| CCA plaque | 78 | 12.3 | 40 | 4.2 | < 0.0001 | |
| Metabolic syndrome | 178 | 28.0 | 225 | 23.8 | 0.061 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 69 | 10.9 | 72 | 7.6 | 0.028 | |
| Hypertension | 285 | 44.9 | 316 | 33.5 | < 0.0001 | |
| History of CVD | 25 | 3.9 | 15 | 1.6 | 0.0036 | |
| Cigarette smoking | 303 | 48.0 | 72 | 7.6 | < 0.0001 | |
| Alcohol drinking | 170 | 26.8 | 61 | 6.5 | < 0.0001 | |
Note: BMI, body mass index; CCA, common carotid artery; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FTG, fasting triglycerides; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; IMT, intima-media thickness; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure.