Table 1. Age- and sex-adjusted means and frequencies of risk factors for cardiovascular disease according to non-HDL-C levels by CKD status.
| CKD (−) |
CKD (+) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum non-HDL-C levels, mg/dL |
Serum non-HDL-C levels, mg/dL |
|||||
| < 150 | 150–189 | ≥ 190 | < 150 | 150–189 | ≥ 190 | |
| (n = 1,089) | (n = 753) | (n = 431) | (n = 141) | (n = 118) | (n = 98) | |
| Age, years | 57 (11) | 58 (12) | 59 (12) | 68 (11) | 66 (11) | 66 (11) |
| Men, % | 48.3 | 38.9 | 29.0 | 59.4 | 38.6 | 34.0 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 132 (20) | 133 (20) | 135 (20) | 142 (20) | 140 (20) | 143 (20) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 77 (11) | 78 (11) | 79 (11) | 82 (11) | 81 (11) | 82 (11) |
| Antihypertensive medication, % | 9.5 | 11.3 | 15.9 | 22.0 | 25.1 | 30.0 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 8.1 | 11.4 | 19.5 | 13.1 | 17.2 | 19.4 |
| Serum total cholesterol, mg/dL | 172 (22) | 218 (22) | 263 (22) | 177 (22) | 218 (22) | 271 (22) |
| Serum HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 51 (12) | 50 (12) | 49 (12) | 51 (12) | 50 (12) | 48 (12) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.2 (3.1) | 23.1 (3.1) | 23.7 (3.1) | 22.8 (3.1) | 23.9 (3.1) | 23.5 (3.1) |
| Serum albumin, g/dL | 4.2 (0.2) | 4.3 (0.2) | 4.3 (0.2) | 4.2 (0.2) | 4.3 (0.2) | 4.3 (0.2) |
| Serum hs-CRP, mg/L | 0.45 (0.04–5.24) | 0.51 (0.04–5.98) | 0.66 (0.05–7.81) | 0.59 (0.05–7.59) | 0.68 (0.06–8.21) | 0.72 (0.06–8.45) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 84 (16) | 82 (16) | 81 (16) | 66 (16) | 65 (16) | 62 (16) |
| Proteinuria, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 54.9 | 54.3 | 50.1 |
| ECG abnormalities, % | 17.3 | 15.5 | 10.2 | 21.0 | 18.8 | 17.2 |
| Smoking habits, % | 23.4 | 19.6 | 20.9 | 18.1 | 21.0 | 16.1 |
| Alcohol intake, % | 31.2 | 23.5 | 22.0 | 33.7 | 26.0 | 15.7 |
| Regular exercise, % | 16.4 | 16.4 | 19.9 | 15.7 | 19.5 | 14.9 |
Data are the means (SD) or percentages. Means of age are sex-adjusted and frequencies of sex are age-adjusted.
Geometric mean values (95% confidence interval) of serum hs-CRP are shown due to skewed distribution.
CKD was defined as proteinuria (dipstick ≥ 1 +) or eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, which was calculated by using the modified Japanese Society of Nephrology Chronic Kidney Disease Initiative (JSN-CKDI) equation.
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease: non-HDL-C, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ECG, electrocardiogram; SD, standard deviation.