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. 2017 Jul 19;7:5892. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06364-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Evaluation of barrier function: Transport of nanoparticles through placental cell barriers. (a) Cytotoxicity of fluorescently-labelled 50 nm and 490 nm polystyrene nanoparticles. (b) Influence of adhesion promoters on the transport of fluorescently-labelled 50 nm polystyrene nanoparticles through 3 µm transwell membranes. Values for transwell inserts without cells were set to 100% of membrane-less wells. (c) Time-trace of transcellular transport after 6 h, 12 h and 24 h of transport of 50 nm fluorescently-labelled polystyrene nanoparticles through BeWo, ACH-3P, Jeg-3 and JAR cell barriers. (d) Apical-to-basal transport ratio after 24 h for 50 nm and 490 nm fluorescently-labelled polystyrene nanoparticles through BeWo, ACH-3P, Jeg-3 and JAR cell barriers. Data points are mean values ± SD for n = 3.