(A) Shannon–Weaver index, as calculated on the rarefied dataset (sequence depth: 357 sequences per sample), grouped per individual sponge; bars indicate averages and whiskers indicate ± 2 standard error; different letters indicate significantly different means (Tukey’s HSD test at p < 0.05). (B) Relative abundance of the four OTUs significantly affected by the factor “special cleaning” (G-test of independency, **p < 0.005; ***p < 0.001). OTU identification of the closest relative species, as reported on the X-axis below the OTU number, is according to phylogenetic analysis (see Fig. 2). (C) Correlations of occurrence patterns between OTUs of the kitchen sponge microbiome. The network shows correlations between abundant OTUs (>0.5% of the total dataset), generated at 97% similarity level. Nodes represent OTUs and edges represent strong positive (R > 0.6, p < 0.001) or strong negative (R < −0.6, p < 0.001) Spearman correlations (blue and red lines, respectively). A thicker node border indicates a close relative to a RG2-species, according to TRBA 466 (see also legend of Fig. 2). OTU abundance (total number of reads) is indicated by node size, as shown in the figure. Node color indicates taxonomic affiliation at phylum/class level: yellow – Actinobacteria, purple – Alphaproteobacteria, orange – Bacteroidetes, pink – Deltaproteobacteria, green – Gammaproteobacteria, grey – unidentified. Node label indicates the best possible taxonomic identification of the OTUs: Aj – Acinetobacter johnsonii, Ap – Acinetobacter pittii, Asp – Acinetobacter sp., Au – Acinetobacter ursingii, Ba – Bacteroides sp., Bd – Brevundimonas diminuta, Bdv – Bdellovibrio sp., Brb - Brevibacterium sp., Brv - Brevundimonas sp., Cha – Chryseobacterium haifense, Chi – Chryseobacterium hispanicum, Cho – Chryseobacterium hominis, Ent – Enterobacteriaceae, Ml – Microbacterium lacticum, Mo – Moraxella oslonensis, Pc – Pseudomonas cremoricolorata, Pm Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana, Ps – Pseudomonas sp., Rr – Rhizobium radiobacter, Sc – Sphingobacterium caeni, Sm – Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Sy – Sphingobium yanoikuyae, UnB – Unidentified bacterium.