Table 3.
Differences‐in‐Differences: Quality Regression Results
| Outcomes | Arizona | New York | Wisconsin | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
| Deficiencies, count | 0.55 (2.46) | −0.05 (1.05) | −0.14 (0.70) | −0.57 (0.84) | 0.30 (0.38) | −0.21 (0.30) | 1.87 (1.22) | 0.94 (0.57) | 0.89a (0.45) |
| Deficiencies, severity‐adjusted score | 4.21 (23.04) | −3.57 (9.18) | −1.84 (5.99) | 1.97 (17.15) | −2.89 (5.50) | −3.80 (4.79) | 28.64 (15.06) | 14.45a (6.68) | 12.01a (5.41) |
| RN hours/resident day | −0.023 (0.074) | 0.014 (0.04) | 0.007 (0.027) | −0.018 (0.043) | −0.014 (0.023) | −0.009 (0.015) | −0.010 (0.082) | 0.014 (0.036) | 0.012 (0.024) |
| LPN hours/resident day | −0.17 (0.11) | −0.035 (0.065) | −0.023 (0.043) | 0.023 (0.056) | 0.026 (0.028) | 0.018 (0.018) | −0.078 (0.066) | −0.038 (0.033) | −0.026 (0.022) |
| Nurse aide hours/resident day | −0.10 (0.22) | −0.002 (0.134) | −0.002 (0.090) | −0.038 (0.106) | −0.022 (0.051) | −0.014 (0.034) | −0.011 (0.132) | 0.028 (0.072) | 0.021 (0.048) |
| Long‐stay ADL worsening | −0.006 (0.021) | −0.011 (0.012) | −0.004 (0.009) | −0.010 (0.013) | −0.009 (0.007) | −0.006 (0.004) | −0.022 (0.013) | −0.0001 (0.0075) | −0.006 (0.005) |
| Long‐stay pressure ulcers, high risk | −0.018 (0.027) | −0.014 (0.013) | −0.010 (0.009) | 0.006 (0.011) | 0.0015 (0.0059) | −0.001 (0.003) | 0.007 (0.012) | 0.005 (0.006) | 0.0001 (0.0037) |
| Long‐stay catheters | 0.016 (0.018) | 0.006 (0.008) | 0.007 (0.006) | 0.002 (0.007) | 0.0006 (0.0032) | 0.001 (0.002) | −0.006 (0.009) | 0.0005 (0.0043) | −0.0003 (0.0028) |
| Long‐stay restraints | −0.0063 (0.0100) | −0.004 (0.005) | −0.002 (0.003) | −0.001 (0.007) | −0.0017 (0.0032) | 0.0005 (0.0021) | 0.0020 (0.0047) | 0.0026 (0.0023) | 0.0017 (0.0017) |
| Short‐stay failure to improve incontinence | 0.023 (0.052) | −0.009 (0.026) | −0.033 (0.017) | 0.029 (0.033) | 0.016 (0.016) | 0.013 (0.011) | −0.022 (0.038) | −0.019 (0.021) | −0.015 (0.013) |
| Short‐stay ADL improvement | −0.052 (0.044) | −0.024 (0.025) | 0.009 (0.015) | 0.014 (0.031) | −0.011 (0.017) | −0.010 (0.010) | −0.018 (0.035) | −0.014 (0.016) | 0.002 (0.011) |
| Short‐stay mid‐loss ADL improvement | 0.013 (0.042) | −0.006 (0.023) | 0.008 (0.015) | 0.024 (0.029) | −0.004 (0.015) | −0.0006 (0.0099) | 0.011 (0.031) | 0.012 (0.017) | −0.00004 (0.0108) |
| Long‐stay avoidable hospitalization rate | −0.020 (0.037) | −0.0011 (0.018) | — | 0.0092 (0.017) | 0.0006 (0.0094) | — | −0.000002 (0.0176) | −0.0040 (0.0080) | — |
| Short‐stay avoidable hospitalization rate | −0.005 (0.020) | −0.0098 (0.010) | — | 0.0144 (0.0179) | 0.009 (0.009) | — | 0.0169 (0.0175) | −0.0018 (0.0081) | — |
| N | 158 | 302 | 244 | ||||||
Standard errors are presented in parentheses. ADL, activity of daily living.
a
Statistically significant at 5% level. All regressions include the variables listed in the upper panel of Table 1.