Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants of the physical training and nutritional intervention (PTN) group and the social support (SOSU) group
| Variable | PTN (n = 39) | SOSU (n = 41) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Female n (%) | 33 (84.6) | 34 (82.9) | 0.838 |
| Age: years mean (SD) | 83 (8.0) | 82.5 (8.0) | 0.755 |
| 65–79 n (%) | 13 (33) | 13 (32) | 0.733 |
| 80–89 n (%) | 15 (39) | 19 (46) | |
| ≥ 90 n (%) | 11 (28) | 9 (22) | |
| Living alone | |||
| Yes n (%) | 32 (82) | 35 (85) | 0.688 |
| Children around | |||
| Yes n (%) | 30 (77) | 34 (82) | 0.502 |
| Educational level | |||
| Primary n (%) | 23 (60) | 18 (45) | 0.410 |
| Secondary n (%) | 12 (30) | 16 (40) | |
| Tertiary n (%) | 4 (10) | 7 (15) | |
| Frailty status | |||
| Robust n (%) | 1 (3) | 0 | 0.523 |
| Pre-frail n (%) | 14 (36) | 14 (34) | |
| Frail n (%) | 24 (62) | 27 (66) | |
| Cognitive function | |||
| No cognitive impairment (%) | 32 (82) | 30 (73) | 0.342 |
| Mild cognitive impairment (%) | 7 (18) | 11 (27) | |
| SPPB score mean (SD) | 5.2 (2.9) | 4.9 (2.8) | 0.639 |
| Maximum grip strength kg mean (SD) | 16.1 (7.4) | 17.5 (6.9) | 0.394 |
| PASE score mean (SD) | 33.8 (37.1) | 31.7 (31.6) | 0.820 |
| MNA®-LF score mean (SD) | 23.8 (3.4) | 24.2 (3.13) | 0.588 |
| WHOQOL-BREF score mean (SD) | 63.79 (15.1) | 66.13 (10.1) | 0.449 |
| Overall QoL mean (SD) | 40.76 (19.2) | 46.83 (16.1) | 0.102 |
| Physical health mean (SD) | 49.08 (18.7) | 48.17 (13.3) | 0.816 |
| Psychological health mean (SD) | 58.97 (18.5) | 63.01 (13.3) | 0.264 |
| Social relationship mean (SD) | 72.43 (23.7) | 77.43 (19.8) | 0.308 |
| Environment mean (SD) | 74.67 (14.3) | 75.91 (10.8) | 0.663 |
| WHOQOL-OLD score mean (SD) | 47.88 (11.9) | 51.40 (10.1) | 0.274 |
| Sensory abilities mean (SD) | 47.43 (23.6) | 49.82 (21.9) | 0.633 |
| Autonomy mean (SD) | 51.28 (16.4) | 56.09 (13.3) | 0.152 |
| Past, present and future activities mean (SD) | 49.74 (16.3) | 53.78 (14.3) | 0.240 |
| Social participation mean (SD) | 43.07 (15.1) | 45.85 (10.7) | 0.344 |
Note: Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables
PTN physical training and nutritional intervention group, SOSU social support group, primary = elementary school or no degree; secondary = secondary school; tertiary = university entrance diploma or higher degree, SPPB Short Physical Performance Battery, PASE Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, MMSE Mini Mental State Examination, MNA®-LF Mini Nutritional Assessment Long-Form