Table 3.
Hierarchical multiple regression analyses examining effects of sociodemographic variables, reported negative life events, and levels of anxiety on quality of life in a community sample of adolescents (N = 1719)
| Predictor variables | B | SE B | β | R2 | ΔF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Step 1 Background and negative life events | 0.23 * | 67.9 * | |||
| Gender | |||||
| Female | Ref. | ||||
| Male | 33.3 | 2.9 | 0.26* | ||
| Age (12–17) | −9.9 | 1.7 | −0.13* | ||
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Norwegian | Ref. | ||||
| Western immigrant | 2.2 | 9.3 | 0.01 | ||
| Non-Western immigrant | 11.7 | 10.7 | 0.02 | ||
| Perceived family economy | |||||
| Like most families | Ref. | ||||
| Better than most families | 5.1 | 3.8 | 0.03 | ||
| Lower than most families | −49.3 | 6.7 | −0.16* | ||
| Reported negative life events | −39.2 | 2.9 | −0.29* | ||
| Step 2; Medium anxiety level (analysis 1) | 0.31 * | 52.9 * | |||
| Gender | |||||
| Female | Ref. | ||||
| Male | 28.1 | 5.6 | 0.22* | ||
| Age (12–17) | −9.9 | 1.6 | −0.13* | ||
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Norwegian | Ref. | ||||
| Western immigrant | −1.5 | 8.8 | 0.00 | ||
| Non-Western immigrant | 12.2 | 10.2 | 0.03 | ||
| Perceived family economy | |||||
| Like most families | Ref. | ||||
| Better than most families | 6.8 | 3.6 | 0.04 | ||
| Lower than most families | −44.9 | 6.4 | −0.15* | ||
| Reported negative life events | −32.8 | 2.9 | −0.25* | ||
| Obsessive compulsive, medium anxiety symptoms | −25.7 | 5.6 | −0.09* | ||
| Social phobia, medium anxiety symptoms | −22.7 | 4.9 | −0.10* | ||
| Panic/agora fear, medium anxiety symptoms | −20.7 | 4.3 | −0.10* | ||
| Separation anxiety, medium anxiety symptoms | −24.8 | 5.3 | −0.10* | ||
| Physical injury fear, medium anxiety symptoms | −15.9 | 3.7 | −0.09* | ||
| Generalised anxiety, medium anxiety symptoms | −5.6 | 4.2 | −0.03 | ||
| Step 2; High anxiety level (analysis 2) | 0.39 * | 80.2 * | |||
| Gender | |||||
| Female | Ref. | ||||
| Male | 18.9 | 2.8 | 0.15* | ||
| Age (12–17) | −7.6 | 1.5 | −0.10* | ||
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Norwegian | Ref. | ||||
| Western immigrant | −0.5 | 8.3 | 0.00 | ||
| Non-Western immigrant | 14.6 | 9.6 | 0.03 | ||
| Perceived family economy | |||||
| Like most families | Ref. | ||||
| Better than most families | 8.1 | 3.3 | 0.05* | ||
| Lower than most families | −33.6 | 6.0 | −0.11* | ||
| Reported negative life events | −25.9 | 2.7 | −0.19* | ||
| Obsessive compulsive, high anxiety symptoms | −24.7 | 6.6 | −0.08* | ||
| Social phobia, high anxiety symptoms | −33.8 | 5.3 | −0.14* | ||
| Panic/agora fear, high anxiety symptoms | −35.4 | 5.4 | −0.16* | ||
| Separation anxiety, high anxiety symptoms | −9.9 | 6.9 | −0.03 | ||
| Physical injury fear, high anxiety symptoms | −11.4 | 4.6 | −0.05* | ||
| Generalised anxiety, high anxiety symptoms | −30.4 | 4.5 | −0.17* |
The Questionnaire for Measuring Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents Revised Version (KINDL-R) [19] was used to measure quality of life (HRQoL). The Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale was used to measure anxiety symptoms in various anxiety domains (obsessive compulsive, social phobia, panic/agoraphobia, separation anxiety, physical injury fears, and generalised anxiety. Australian gender-specific norms used to categorize adolescents as low, medium, or high in anxiety-symptom level at each domain of anxiety. The low-anxiety group in the corresponding anxiety domain was used as the reference group in Step 2 and 3. Ref reference category, β beta estimate; * p < 0.005