Table 2.
Association between full service and fast food restaurant density (number per km2) and dietary intake among adults living in Delhi, India (N = 5264)
| Full service and fast food restaurant density (tertiles) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (n = 1737) | 2 (n = 1782) | 3 (n = 1745) | |
| Meat | |||
| Never or <1/month | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ≥ 1/month but <1/week | Referent | 1.22 (1.02, 1.46) | 1.16 (0.96, 1.40) |
| ≥ 1/week but <1/day | Referent | 1.18 (1.00, 1.40) | 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) |
| ≥ 1/day | Referent | 1.56 (0.86, 2.80) | 0.63 (0.30, 1.34) |
| Poultry | |||
| Never or <1/month | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ≥ 1/month but <1/week | Referent | 1.23 (1.03, 1.46) | 1.04 (0.87, 1.25) |
| ≥ 1/week but <1/day | Referent | 1.07 (0.91, 1.27) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.07) |
| ≥ 1/day | Referent | 2.57 (0.99, 6.71) | 2.12 (0.79, 5.72) |
| Fish and shellfish | |||
| Never or <1/month | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ≥ 1/month but <1/week | Referent | 0.95 (0.80, 1.13) | 0.79 (0.65, 0.95) |
| ≥ 1/week but <1/day | Referent | 1.02 (0.81, 1.27) | 0.72 (0.56, 0.92) |
| ≥ 1/day | Referent | 1.95 (0.78, 4.87) | 1.00 (0.36, 2.78) |
| Eggs | |||
| Never or <1/month | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ≥ 1/month but <1/week | Referent | 1.24 (1.01, 1.51) | 1.19 (0.97, 1.46) |
| ≥ 1/week but <1/day | Referent | 1.10 (0.94, 1.29) | 1.01 (0.86, 1.20) |
| ≥ 1/day | Referent | 1.14 (0.84, 1.55) | 0.69 (0.49, 0.97) |
| Dairy | |||
| Never or <1/month | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ≥ 1/month but <1/week | Referent | 0.94 (0.73, 1.21) | 1.15 (0.88, 1.50) |
| ≥ 1/week but <1/day | Referent | 0.97 (0.80, 1.16) | 1.19 (0.98, 1.45) |
| ≥ 1/day | Referent | 1.05 (0.88, 1.24) | 1.09 (0.91, 1.30) |
| Nuts and seeds | |||
| Never or <1/month | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ≥ 1/month but <1/week | Referent | 1.06 (0.89, 1.27) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.17) |
| ≥ 1/week but <1/day | Referent | 0.96 (0.79, 1.16) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.15) |
| ≥ 1/day | Referent | 1.14 (0.87, 1.50) | 1.05 (0.81, 1.37) |
| Legumes and pulses | |||
| Never or <1/month | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ≥ 1/month but <1/week | Referent | 0.92 (0.53, 1.58) | 1.16 (0.66, 2.04) |
| ≥ 1/week but <1/day | Referent | 0.78 (0.52, 1.17) | 0.69 (0.45, 1.06) |
| ≥ 1/day | Referent | 0.72 (0.48, 1.08) | 0.87 (0.56, 1.34) |
| Fruit | |||
| Never or <1/month | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ≥ 1/month but <1/week | Referent | 1.14 (0.85, 1.53) | 0.76 (0.55, 1.05) |
| ≥ 1/week but <1/day | Referent | 0.87 (0.67, 1.12) | 0.72 (0.55, 0.95) |
| ≥ 1/day | Referent | 0.92 (0.69, 1.23) | 1.03 (0.76, 1.38) |
| Vegetablesa | |||
| Never or <1/day | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ≥ 1/day | Referent | 1.13 (0.97, 1.32) | 1.28 (1.08, 1.50) |
| Whole grains | |||
| Never or <1/month | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ≥ 1/month but <1/week | Referent | 0.89 (0.68, 1.16) | 0.93 (0.70, 1.23) |
| ≥ 1/week but <1/day | Referent | 0.80 (0.63, 1.02) | 0.80 (0.62, 1.04) |
| ≥ 1/day | Referent | 0.93 (0.76, 1.14) | 1.06 (0.86, 1.32) |
| Refined grains | |||
| Never or <1/month | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ≥ 1/month but <1/week | Referent | 1.18 (0.85, 1.64) | 0.74 (0.52, 1.06) |
| ≥ 1/week but <1/day | Referent | 1.57 (1.22, 2.03) | 1.40 (1.07, 1.82) |
| ≥ 1/day | Referent | 1.34 (1.03, 1.74) | 1.56 (1.19, 2.04) |
| Desserts | |||
| Never or <1/month | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ≥ 1/month but <1/week | Referent | 1.13 (0.88, 1.45) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.17) |
| ≥ 1/week but <1/day | Referent | 1.23 (0.98, 1.54) | 0.91 (0.72, 1.15) |
| ≥ 1/day | Referent | 1.45 (1.10, 1.92) | 1.15 (0.87, 1.52) |
| Deep-fried foods | |||
| Never or <1/month | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ≥ 1/month but <1/week | Referent | 1.09 (0.91, 1.31) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.27) |
| ≥ 1/week but <1/day | Referent | 0.94 (0.79, 1.11) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) |
| ≥ 1/day | Referent | 0.90 (0.66, 1.24) | 0.84 (0.61, 1.17) |
| Fruit juice | |||
| Never or <1/month | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ≥ 1/month but <1/week | Referent | 0.88 (0.74, 1.06) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.26) |
| ≥ 1/week but <1/day | Referent | 0.76 (0.64, 0.91) | 0.92 (0.77, 1.09) |
| ≥ 1/day | Referent | 0.89 (0.68, 1.16) | 1.01 (0.78, 1.31) |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | |||
| Never or <1/month | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ≥ 1/month but <1/week | Referent | 0.85 (0.70, 1.02) | 1.02 (0.83, 1.24) |
| ≥ 1/week but <1/day | Referent | 0.66 (0.56, 0.77) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) |
| ≥ 1/day | Referent | 1.00 (0.71, 1.40) | 1.23 (0.88, 1.73) |
Values are odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) from multinomial logistic regression adjusted for age, household income, education, and tobacco and alcohol use
aDue to small sample sizes in the “Never or <1/month” and “≥1/month but <1/week” categories for vegetables, this dietary intake variable was modeled as a binary variable using logistic regression and the following two categories: “Never or <1/day” and “≥1/day”