Table 2.

Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed‐methods study characteristics

Study (Author, year)	Location	Study design	Study population	Intervention	Summary of relevant results	Type of violence	Entry points
Quantitative study characteristics (3)
Cripe et al. 2010	Peru	Randomized two‐arm trial	220 abused pregnant women (aged 18–45) at ANC	IPV screening, referral card, and social worker case management (supportive counseling education and safety advice). Delivered by 4 hospital‐based social workers trained prior to the intervention.	Women in the empowerment training group tended to adopt more safety behaviors when compared with women in the standard care group. No statistically significant differences between control and intervention groups in health‐related quality of life, adoption of safety behaviors, and use of community resources.	IPV	ANC (hospital)
Matseke and Peltzer 2013	South Africa	Pre/post‐intervention design	Pregnant women presenting at PHC clinics for HIV post‐test counseling	18 community workers were trained in screening for IPV, and provided care, guidance, and referral to services.	7.2% of women screened positive for IPV. A statistically significant decrease in danger assessment score was found post‐intervention: the mean danger assessment score was 6.0 before intervention and fell to 2.8 post‐intervention (3 months).	IPV	ANC/PMTCT (PHC)
Tiwari et al. 2005	Hong Kong	Randomized controlled trial	Pregnant women experiencing IPV seeking ANC	Empowerment intervention including advice and empathetic understanding (one‐to‐one 30‐minute session and a brochure reinforcing information discussed, also on referrals).	Intervention group had higher physical functioning, less psychological abuse, lower postnatal depression scores than control group. No differences in severe physical violence and sexual abuse between intervention and control groups.	IPV	ANC
Qualitative study characteristics (5)
Colombini et al. 2012	Malaysia	Qualitative study	Health workers and policy‐makers	Comprehensive medical care and counseling service. Internal referral to specialized services and external referral to police and social services.	Comprehensive care varied due to institutional constraints, management support, lack of human resources, training, protocols, and referral options.	IPV & SV	ED
Guedes et al. 2002	Dominican Republic, Peru, and Venezuela	Evaluation study—qualitative. Focus group discussions and in‐depth interviews.	Clients, service providers, and managers	Training health providers to detect, treat, and refer GBV survivors, improving institutional response to women who experience violence, collaboration with other organizations, raising community awareness about GBV.	Improved recognition of violence by health workers; improved privacy, confidentiality, and referrals. Some health workers were still disrespectful or judgmental to women.	IPV & SV	PHC/SRH
Jacobs and Jewkes 2002	South Africa	Qualitative. Focus groups.	Primary health care staff	Training health workers on identification and management of women experiencing GBV, referrals, and support.	Participants reported the training as motivating, informative, and empowering. Human resource shortages were a challenge.	IPV & SV	PHC
Joyner and Mash 2012a	South Africa	Qualitative. Focus groups and key informant interviews.	Primary health care providers, managers, academics, NGO leaders	Development and implementation of a protocol for screening and management of women experiencing IPV.	A cooperative inquiry process group produced a model of care for women experiencing IPV: case finding, clinical, psychological, social, and legal care.	IPV	PHC
Rees, Zweigenthal, and Joyner 2014	South Africa	Qualitative evaluation. Semi‐structured interviews and focus group discussions.	Health workers, women, and health managers	Comprehensive service model for IPV (identification and treatment, referral to IPV dedicated service for psychosocial‐legal care). Implemented in rural district.	Health workers’ barriers included: IPV normalization in the study community, poor understanding of the complexities of living with IPV, frustration in managing IPV cases. Health system constraints affected continuity of care, privacy, and integration of the intervention into routine functioning, and the intersectoral collaboration process was hindered by the formation of alliances.	IPV	PHC
Mixed‐methods study characteristics (3)
Joyner and Mash 2012b	South Africa	Mixed methods. Cross‐sectional study, key informant interviews and focus group discussions.	Women experiencing IPV seeking primary care, health workers, and managers.	Health workers were trained on screening for IPV and referred cases to research nurse on site (“IPV champion”).	Health workers were reluctant to screen for IPV, hesitant to deal with complex and time‐consuming issues. However, committed providers continued screening.	IPV	PHC
Naved et al. 2009	Bangladesh	Mixed methods. Cross‐sectional study, in‐depth interviews.	Pregnant women experiencing IPV or SV, interviewed postnatally.	Training paramedics in mental health counseling to help abused women manage stress, improve coping, and enhance well‐being.	92% of women rated efforts in maintaining privacy good or very good; 99% said paramedics were not judgmental and 87% said the session improved self‐confidence.	IPV & SV	ANC/PHC (NGO based)
Turan et al. 2013	Kenya	Mixed methods. Cross‐sectional study, focus group, and in‐depth interviews.	Pregnant women seeking ANC, clinic staff, and community volunteers.	IPV risk assessment, medical care, and supported referrals for pregnant women experiencing violence.	53% of women experiencing IPV accepted referrals. Health workers saw benefits of screening, felt empowered and helpful, requested further training. Community collaboration helped with referrals and finding local solutions for clients; delays occurred with legal and justice systems. Community awareness on GBV increased.	IPV	ANC (PHC)