Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of study cohort by categorical BP groups among participants 18 to 64 years of age (n=2,001)

Descriptive variable	Optimal BP (n=837)	Prehypertension (n=821)	ISH (n=121)	IDH (n=44)	SDH (n=178)
Age, years	39.3±8.6	43.2±8.7 ^*^‡^\|\|	50.9±8.3 ^*^†^§^\|\|	42.4±6.8 ^‡	46.3±8.7 ^*^†^‡
Men, n (%)	33.8	60.1^*^‡	47.1^*^†	43.2	50.0 ^*
Ethnicity, %
Non-Hispanic white	33.5	36.9	26.5	31.8	26.4
African American	36.9	44.8^*	63.6^*^†	52.3	61.8 ^*^†
Hispanic	26.6	16.6^*	9.9^*	6.8^*	10.1 ^*
Other	3.0	1.7	0^§	9.1^‡	1.7
Height, cm	165.3±10.1	170.0±10.2 ^*	168.4±9.4 ^*	167.3±9.9	168.8±10.7 ^*
Body weight, kg	76.1±17.8	86.2±19.3 ^*^\|\|	87.7±20.6 ^*	89.8±18.2 ^*	91.5±20.7 ^*^†
Body mass index, kg/m²	27.9±6.2	30.0±6.5 ^*^\|\|	30.9±6.7 ^*	32.1±6.1 ^*	32.3±7.9 ^*^†
Diabetes mellitus, %	3.6	7.6^*	11.6^*	6.8	10.1^*
Current smoker, %	26.0	27.4	26.5	31.8	36.2^†
Physical activity, MET-min/week	477.8±747.3	476.4±872.6	434.2±618.6	292.8±380.7	370.7±618.2
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	174.1±36.8	184.0±38.8 ^*	182.8±41.5	183.3±38.6	188.6±42.9 ^*
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL	51.5±14.2	49.0±15.1 ^*	50.6±15.6	47.2±11.6	47.7±14.8 ^*
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	91.9±21.2	100.5±40.2 ^*^\|\|	103.6±36.9 ^*	103.4±50.7	110.5±67.0 ^*^†
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²	103.2±22.0	99.1±20.3 ^*	100.6±22.0	98.6±25.2	99.1±26.0
Office BP measurements
SBP, mmHg	110.6±6.4	127.7±5.4 ^*^‡^§^\|\|	148.1±7.9 ^*^†^§^\|\|	135.5±3.0 ^*^†^‡^\|\|	155.9±14.0 ^*^†^‡^§
DBP, mmHg	70.0±5.5	79.7±5.0 ^*^‡^§^\|\|	84.2±4.3 ^*^†^§^\|\|	91.9±1.8 ^*^†^‡^\|\|	96.2±4.7 ^*^†^‡^§
Mean arterial pressure, mmHg	83.5±5.3	95.7±4.3 ^*^‡^§^\|\|	105.5±3.9 ^*^†^\|\|	106.5±1.8 ^*^†^\|\|	116.1±6.7 ^*^†^‡^§
Pulse pressure, mmHg	40.7±4.8	47.9±5.8 ^*^‡^§^\|\|	63.9±9.0 ^*^†^§^\|\|	43.5±3.0 ^*^†^‡^\|\|	59.7±12.4 ^*^†^‡^§
Heart rate, bpm	73.6±10.2	76.3±11.2 ^*^§	74.2±11.9^§	83.4±12.1 ^*^†^‡^\|\|	77.5±12.5 ^*^§
BP measurements during MRI scan
SBP, mmHg	115.3±10.0	130.1±13.0 ^*^‡^§^\|\|	151.1±17.1 ^*^†^§^\|\|	136.1±10.8 ^*^†^‡^\|\|	155.8±20.2 ^*^†^‡^§
DBP, mmHg	75.0±7.0	82.6±7.8 ^*^‡^§^\|\|	89.3±8.4 ^*^†^§^\|\|	90.7±6.0 ^*^†^‡^\|\|	96.4±8.7 ^*^†^‡^§
Mean arterial pressure, mmHg	88.5±7.5	98.4±8.8 ^*^‡^§^\|\|	109.9±9.9 ^*^†^\|\|	105.8±7.1 ^*^†^\|\|	116.2±11.6 ^*^†^‡^§
Pulse pressure, mmHg	40.3±6.5	47.6±9.1 ^*^‡^§^\|\|	61.8±14.3 ^*^†	45.4±7.3 ^*^‡^\|\|	59.4±15.0 ^*^†^§
Heart rate, bpm	65.2±9.5	67.9±10.5 ^*^§^\|\|	68.8±10.9 ^*^§	75.2±12.3 ^*^†^‡^\|\|	70.3±11.7 ^*^†^§
Adiposity variable
VAT, kg	1.73±0.78	2.27±0.97 ^*^\|\|	2.28±0.90 ^*	2.53±0.93 ^*	2.50±1.02 ^*^†

Data are expressed as the means ± SD or percentage. Office BP measurements were calculated from the average of 5 BP measures taken during the in-office visit. Participants were stratified into 5 mutually exclusive categorical BP groups: 1) optimal BP (SBP <120 mm Hg and DBP <80 mm Hg); 2) prehypertension (SBP 120 to 139 mm Hg and DBP 80 to 89 mm Hg, SBP 120 to 139 mm Hg and DBP <80 mm Hg, or SBP <120 mm Hg and DBP 80 to 89 mm Hg); 3) ISH (SBP ≥140 mm Hg and DBP <90 mm Hg); 4) IDH (SBP <140 mm Hg and DBP ≥90 mm Hg); and 5) SDH (SBP ≥140 mm Hg and DBP ≥90 mm Hg). Multiple comparisons among BP categories were conducted using Jonckheere-Terpstra (for continuous variables) or Fisher’s Exact tests (for categorical variables). P values were obtained by Bonferroni multiple pairwise comparison tests, and statistical significance was defined as P <0.05.

P<0.05 vs. optimal BP;

^†

P<0.05 vs. prehypertension;

^‡

P<0.05 vs. ISH;

^§

P<0.05 vs. IDH;

^||

P<0.05 vs. SDH.

ISH indicates isolated systolic hypertension; IDH, isolated diastolic hypertension; SDH, systolic and diastolic hypertension; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.