Table 2.

CMR-derived measures by categorical BP groups among participants 18 to 64 years of age

Hemodynamic variables	Model	Optimal BP (n=837)	Prehypertension (n=821)	ISH (n=121)	IDH (n=44)	SDH (n=178)
Proximal aortic characteristic impedance (Z_c), dyne^* sec/cm⁵	1	72.4±13.6	74.3±1.3^‡	97.7±3.4^*^†^§^\|\|	70.0±5.6^‡	79.0±28.4^‡
	2	72.3±13.7	74.3±1.3^‡	98.2±3.5^*^†^§^\|\|	70.0±5.6^‡	79.3±2.9^‡
	3	68.3±2.1	75.4±1.4^‡^\|\|	103.2±4.0^*^†^§^\|\|	75.4±6.0^‡	88.9±4.8^*^†^‡
Aortic compliance, mm²/mmHg	1	3.7±0.03	3.1±0.04^*^‡^\|\|	2.2±0.1^*^†^§	3.0±0.2^*^‡^\|\|	2.2±0.1^*^†^§
	2	3.7±0.04	3.1±0.04^*^‡^\|\|	2.2±0.1^*^†^§	3.0±0.2^*^‡^\|\|	2.4±0.1^*^†^§
	3	3.5±0.1	3.1±0.04^*^‡	21.0±1.0^*^†^§	3.3±0.2^‡^\|\|	2.8±0.1^*^§
Aortic distensibility, × 10⁻³ mmHg⁻¹	1	6.3±0.1	4.9±0.1^*^‡^\|\|	3.7±0.2^*^†	4.6±0.3^*^\|\|	3.6±0.2^*^†^§
	2	6.3±0.1	4.9±0.1^*^‡^\|\|	3.7±0.2^*^†	4.6±0.3^*^\|\|	3.5±0.2^*^†^§
	3	5.6±0.1	5.1±0.1^*	4.5±0.2^*	5.4±0.3	5.0±0.3
Aortic arch pulse wave velocity, m/s	1	4.2±0.1	4.6±0.1^‡^\|\|	6.4±0.2^*^†^§^\|\|	4.5±0.4^‡^\|\|	5.6±0.2^*^†^‡^§
	2	4.2±0.1	4.5±0.4^‡^\|\|	6.4±0.2^*^†^§	4.6±0.1^‡^\|\|	5.7±0.2^*^†^§
	3	4.3±0.1	4.6±0.1^‡^\|\|	6.3±0.3^*^†^§	4.4±0.4^‡	5.5±0.3^*^†
Aortic size, mm²	1	641.7±5.2	670.2±5.0^*^\|\|	692.1±13.1^*^\|\|	697.4±21.3	759.3±10.8^*^†^‡
	2	641.8±5.2	670.3±5.0^*^\|\|	689.7±13.1^*^\|\|	698.4±21.3	760.8±10.9^*^†^‡
	3	682.9±7.9	659.8±5.2	638.1±15.0	643.3±22.5	662.4±17.9
Left ventricular stroke volume, ml	1	73.4±0.5	73.2±0.5^§	75.4±1.3^§	66.3±2.1^*^†^‡	70.9±1.1
	2	73.2±0.5	73.3±0.5^§	75.3±1.3^§	66.9±2.1^*^†^‡	71.1±1.1
	3	73.2±0.8	73.3±0.5^§	75.3±1.5^§	66.9±2.2^†^‡	71.2±1.8
Systemic vascular resistance, dynes·s/cm⁵	1	1828.2±16.6	2061.6±16.0^*^§^\|\|	2175.2±42.0^*^§^\|\|	2406.3±68.4^*^†^‡	2523.2±34.7^*^†^‡
	2	1834.1±16.6	2061.9±16.0^*^‡^\|\|	2177.0±42.0^*^\|\|	2386.2±68.3^*^†	2520.1±35.0^*^†^‡

Adjusted means (±SE) in CMR-derived measures by each BP group are shown. Each CMR-derived measure was analyzed as the outcome in separate models. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models were used and multiple pairwise comparisons among the BP groups were conducted. As adjustment factors, Model 1 included demographic variables (age, sex, and race) + clinical characteristics at visit 3 (height, weight, heart rate, smoking, physical activity, total cholesterol, fasting glucose, and eGFR), Model 2 included demographic variables + clinical characteristics at visit 3 +VAT, and Model 3 included demographic variables + clinical characteristics at visit 3 +VAT+ mean arterial pressure. Mean arterial pressure was incorporated in the formula of systemic vascular resistance, and therefore, model 3 in systemic vascular resistance did not exist. P values were obtained by Bonferroni multiple pairwise comparison tests, and statistical significance was defined as P <0.05.

P<0.05 vs. optimal BP;

^†

P<0.05 vs. prehypertension;

^‡

P<0.05 vs. ISH;

^§

P<0.05 vs. IDH;

^||

P<0.05 vs. SDH.

CMR indicates cardiovascular magnetic resonance; ISH, isolated systolic hypertension; IDH, isolated diastolic hypertension; SDH, systolic and diastolic hypertension; SE, standard error; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.