Table 1.
METH neurotoxicity is dependent on ambient temperature and enhanced after nanoparticle administration
| Groups | BBB breakdown | Brain Edema | Brain Pathology | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Evans Blue, mg% | [131]-Iodine, % | Water content, % | % f | Neuronal Damage Abnormal cells |
Astrocytic activation GFAP-positive cells |
|
| Control | ||||||
| Saline 4°C | 0.18±0.06 | 0.28±0.07 | 75.03±0.10 | nil | 2±1 | 3±2 |
| Saline 21°C | 0.20±0.04 | 0.30±0.04 | 75.11±0.12 | nil | 2±3 | 3±4 |
| Saline 34°C | 0.22±0.06 | 0.32±0.06 | 75.24±0.17 | nil | 3±4 | 4±3 |
| METH | ||||||
| METH 4°C | 0.24±0.08*** | 0.45±0.08*** | 75.04±0.12** | nil | 4±2*** | 6±8** |
| METH 21°C | 1.89±0.21o | 2.34±0.23ooo | 76.34±0.21oo | +4 | 80±12ooo | 65±14ooo |
| METH 34°C | 2.67±0.26*,ooo | 3.45±0.23**,ooo | 77.45±0.12**,ooo | +8 | 140±13***,ooo | 120±18*,ooo |
| Nanoparticles+METH | ||||||
| SiO2 NPs | ||||||
| METH 4°C | 1.78±0.21ooo | 2.46±0.21ooo | 78.23±0.45*,ooo | +12 | 220±34*,ooo | 190±32**,ooo |
| METH 21°C | 2.45±0.33 | 2.98±0.10 | 79.56±0.21ooo | +17 | 367±43ooo | 345±28ooo |
| METH 34°C | 3.21±0.21 | 3.87±0.11*** | 80.54±0.22***,ooo | +23 | 456±28ooo | 398±12ooo |
| Ag NPs | ||||||
| METH 4°C | 1.34±0.10***,ooo | 2.34±0.22ooo | 77.56±0.21***,ooo | +8 | 160±33**,ooo | 187±27*,ooo |
| METH 21°C | 2.24±0.08 | 2.78±0.12 | 78.87±0.18ooo | +13 | 308±26ooo | 298±32ooo |
| METH 34°C | 3.01±0.09*** | 3.45±0.09*** | 79.85±0.21**,ooo | +16 | 412±34*,ooo | 325±28ooo |
| Cu NPs | ||||||
| METH 4°C | 1.23±0.07***,ooo | 2.12±0.10***,ooo | 77.34±0.12**,ooo | +8 | 140±23***,ooo | 167±24*,ooo |
| METH 21°C | 2.06±0.06 | 2.65±0.07 | 78.08±0.16ooo | +12 | 280±18ooo | 245±26ooo |
| METH 34°C | 2.89±0.10 | 3.12±0.09*** | 79.21±0.12***,ooo | +21 | 378±23***,ooo | 312±20*,ooo |
| Saline+Nanoparticles | ||||||
| Saline 21°C | ||||||
| SiO2 NPs | 0.23±0.08 | 0.34±0.07 | 75.28±0.21 | nil | 4±3 | 6±4 |
| Ag NPs | 0.26±0.07 | 0.36±0.10 | 75.32±0.24 | nil | 5±3 | 6±3 |
| Cu NPs | 0.24±0.04 | 0.35±0.08 | 75.24±0.18 | nil | 6±4 | 7±3 |
Values are mean±SEM obtained from 5 to 8 rats at each point. Volume swelling (% f) was calculated according to Elliott & Jasper [31] and adjusted to nearest round figure for simplicity. Asterisks show significant differences (*, p<0.05; **, p<0.01 and ***, p<0.001) within groups, i.e. 4°C vs. 21°C and 34°C vs. 21°C. Small circles show significant differences (o, p<0.05; oo, p<0.01 and ooo, p<0.001) vs. control, i.e. between effects of METH at the same temperature in NP-exposed and intact rats.