Table 1. Sample Description of Smoking and Non-Smoking Participants.
| Variable | Mean (SD) Non-smokers | Mean (SD) Smokers | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | 270 | 76 | — |
| Age | 24.48 (3.2) | 25.05 (3.5) | 0.131a |
| Gender | Females: 181 | Females: 61 | 0.033b |
| Males: 89 | Males: 15 | ||
| Cigarette consumption per day | — | — | |
| 1–10 cigarettes | N=56 (74.7%) | ||
| 11–20 cigarettes | N=19 (25.3%) Missing=1 | ||
| Approximate pack-years (one pack-year equals smoking 11–20 cigarettes per day for one year) | — | 4.73 (3.50) | — |
| Alcohol consumption (drinks/ month) | 3.03 (2.8) | 5.42 (3.68) | <0.001a |
| Cannabis consumption (joints/month) | 0.63 (0.38) | 0.71 (0.37) | 0.380a |
| Coffee consumption (cups/day) | 1.03 (1.16) | 1.70 (1.77) | <0.001a |
| School education | 0.45b | ||
| High school degree (‘Mittlere Reife’ or equivalent) | (N=2, 0.7%) | (N=2, 2.6%) | |
| Attended college (‘Gymnasium’) | (N=3, 1.1%) | (N=0) | |
| College degree (‘Abitur’) | (N=12, 4.4%) | (N=1, 1.3%) | |
| Attended/attending university | (N=198,73.3%) | (N=56, 73.7%) | |
| University degree | (N=53, 19.6%) Missing: N=2 | (N=17, 22.4%) Missing: N=0 | |
| STAI trait anxiety (sum score) | 36.49 (8.23) | 38.05 (9.15) | 0.183a |
| TCI novelty seeking (sum score) | 20.76 (5.90) | 23.28 (6.23) | 0.001a |
| TCI reward dependence (sum score) | 16.10 (4.17) | 16.51 (4.07) | 0.439a |
Sample description of smoking and non-smoking participants. Significant differences are marked bold. Controlling for individual differences in personality traits (STAI trait anxiety, TCI novelty seeking and TCI reward dependence), alcohol consumption, age, or gender did not substantially change the results in any dependent measure (context*smoking status interaction p’s<0.02 in all analyses).
a
Unpaired t-test, two-sided.
b
χ2 test exact, two-sided.