Table 2.
Correlates of time-to-first incident Trichomonas vaginalis1
| Characteristic | T. vaginalis infections/Person-years | Incidence (per 100 person-years) | Univariate Analysis
|
Multivariate Analysis
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p-value | Adj HR (95% CI) | p-value2 | |||
| Overall | 112/1078.9 | 10.4 (8.6–12.5) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Demographic | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| ≤21 | 58/497.7 | 11.7 (9.0–15.1) | 1.28 (0.89–1.86) | 0.189 | ||
| >21 | 54/581.2 | 9.3 (7.1–12.1) | ref | |||
| Level of education (years) | ||||||
| ≤8 | 77/666.0 | 11.6 (9.2–14.5) | 1.36 (0.91–2.01) | 0.133 | ||
| >8 | 35/412.9 | 8.5 (6.1–11.8) | ref | |||
| Current marital status | ||||||
| Married | 87/857.5 | 10.1 (8.2–12.5) | 0.88 (0.56–1.38) | 0.577 | ||
| Unmarried | 25/221.3 | 11.3 (7.6–16.7) | ref | |||
| Duration of partnership (years)3 | ||||||
| ≤1 | 30/270.1 | 11.1 (7.7–15.9) | 1.14 (0.74–1.75) | 0.544 | ||
| >1 | 67/686.2 | 9.8 (7.7–12.4) | ref | |||
| Partner age3 (years older) | ||||||
| ≥10 | 16/149.0 | 10.7 (6.6–17.5) | 1.02 (0.59–1.75) | 0.954 | ||
| <10 | 76/732.7 | 10.4 (8.3–13.0) | ref | |||
| Employment status | ||||||
| Employed | 40/483.2 | 8.3 (6.1–11.3) | 0.69 (0.47–1.02) | 0.060 | 0.49 (0.31–0.79) | 0.003 |
| Unemployed | 72/595.7 | 12.1 (9.6–15.2) | ref | |||
| Crowding living conditions (people/room) | ||||||
| ≥3 | 41/335.7 | 12.2 (9.0–16.6) | 1.26 (0.86–1.824) | 0.243 | ||
| <3 | 71/742.0 | 9.6 (7.6–12.1) | ref | |||
|
| ||||||
| Sexual behavior | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Reported condomless sex (last month) | ||||||
| Any | 52/507.8 | 10.2 (7.8–13.4) | 1.14 (0.77–1.68) | 0.517 | ||
| None | 60/565.4 | 10.6 (8.2–13.7) | ref | |||
| Number of sexual partners (last month) | ||||||
| >1 | 1/3.2 | 31.2 (4.4–221.4) | 1.29 (0.52–22.98) | 0.196 | ||
| ≤1 | 111/1075.3 | 10.3 (8.6–12.4) | ref | |||
| Male partner circumcision status4 | ||||||
| Circumcised | 18/316.4 | 5.7 (3.6–9.0) | 0.48 (0.29–0.81) | 0.006 | 0.42 (0.23–0.76) | 0.004* |
| Uncircumcised | 80/657.6 | 12.2 (9.8–15.1) | ref | |||
| Male partner HIV status4 | ||||||
| HIV-infected | 1/13.7 | 7.3 (1.0–51.9) | 0.82 (0.12–5.61) | 0.840 | ||
| HIV-uninfected | 65/718.6 | 9.0 (7.1–11.5) | ref | |||
|
| ||||||
| Gynaecological history | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Pregnancy status | ||||||
| Pregnant | 44/197.5 | 22.3 (16.6–29.9) | 3.08 (1.93–4.91) | <0.001 | 3.68 (1.90–7.15) | <0.001* |
| Postpartum | 68/881.3 | 7.7 (6.1–9.8) | ref | |||
| Number of living children | ||||||
| ≥3 | 24/243.8 | 9.8 (6.6–14.7) | 1.04 (0.64–1.70) | 0.873 | ||
| <3 | 47/504.5 | 9.3 (7.0–12.4) | ref | |||
| Time since previous birth (years)5 | ||||||
| <2 | 13/137.2 | 9.5 (5.5–16.3) | 1.10 (0.60–2.03) | 0.749 | ||
| ≥2 | 56/583.9 | 9.6 (7.4–12.4) | ref | |||
| Reported vaginal washing (last week) | ||||||
| Any | 65/641.9 | 10.1 (7.9–12.9) | 0.90 (0.62–1.31) | 0.595 | ||
| None | 47/435.3 | 10.8 (8.1–14.4) | ref | |||
| Reported vaginal drying (last week) | ||||||
| Any | 15/106.5 | 14.0 (8.5–23.4) | 1.22 (0.70–2.12) | 0.482 | ||
| None | 97/972.1 | 100 (8.2–12.2) | ref | |||
| Self-reported history of STIs | ||||||
| Any | 9/68.7 | 13.1 (6.8–25.2) | 1.30 (0.66–2.59) | 0.448 | ||
| None | 103/1010.2 | 10.2 (8.4–12.4) | ref | |||
| Hormonal contraceptive use6 | ||||||
| Implant | 3/50.8 | 5.9 (1.9–18.3) | 0.86 (0.27–2.72) | 0.795 | ||
| Injectable | 5/74.9 | 6.7 (2.8–16.0) | 0.84 (0.34–2.09) | 0.713 | ||
| Oral | 3/38.2 | 7.9 (2.5–24.4) | 0.92 (0.28–2.97) | 0.886 | ||
| None | 57/717.4 | 7.9 (6.1–10.3) | ref | |||
|
| ||||||
| STI diagnoses7 | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Non-TV curable STI 8 | ||||||
| Yes | 13/63.3 | 20.5 (11.9–35.3) | 2.03 (1.14–3.65) | 0.017 | 2.10 (1.16–3.79) | 0.014* |
| No | 78/778.0 | 10.0 (8.0–12.5) | ref | |||
| Chlamydia trachomatis | ||||||
| Yes | 9/54.4 | 16.5 (8.6–31.8) | 1.70 (0.87–3.30) | 0.119 | ||
| No | 103/1022.9 | 10.1 (8.3–12.2) | ref | |||
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | ||||||
| Yes | 7/23.0 | 30.4 (14.5–63.8) | 2.90 (1.38–6.09) | 0.005 | ||
| No | 105/1054.3 | 9.96 (8.2–12.1) | ref | |||
| Syphilis | ||||||
| Yes | 2/6.6 | 30.3 (7.6–121.0) | 2.68 (0.64–11.3) | 0.179 | ||
| No | 89/834.8 | 10.6 (8.7–13.1) | ref | |||
| Current bacterial vaginosis | ||||||
| Yes | 36/235.7 | 15.3 (11.0–21.2) | 1.21 (0.82–1.79) | 0.339 | ||
| No | 75/572.0 | 13.1 (10.5–16.4) | ref | |||
| Current candidiasis | ||||||
| Yes | 15/101.5 | 14.8 (8.9–24.5) | 0.95 (0.55–1.64) | 0.864 | ||
| No | 97/711.3 | 13.6 (11.2–16.6) | ref | |||
HR = hazards ratio; Adj HR = adjusted hazards ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval
Missing data not shown, all correlates assessed at enrolment unless indicated
Cox proportional hazards p-value adjusted for employment, male partner circumcision status, pregnancy status and other non-TV curable STIs detected at enrolment
Among women reporting current relationship
Male circumcision and HIV status of male partners reported by female partner
Among women with ≥1 children
Among postpartum women only
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and syphilis were assessed enrolment only. Bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis were assessed at enrolment and at follow up visits during pregnancy
Includes Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and syphilis