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. 2017 Jun 16;49(6):e346. doi: 10.1038/emm.2017.63

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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MSC-derived exosomes represent an attractive therapeutic approach for treating liver diseases. Step 1: MSCs are isolated from bone marrow, adipose tissue and umbilical cord. Step 2: MSCs are modified with therapeutic molecules (i.e., mRNA, miRNAs and cytokines) or preconditioned by serum starvation, hypoxia and pharmacological and physical stimulation. Step 3: Exosomes loading therapeutic molecules are isolated from MSC-conditioned media, purified, characterized and quantified. Step 4: Administration of exosomes via veins (i.e., portal vein) to treat liver diseases, including acute liver injury, liver fibrosis and HCC. MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.