Fig 2. Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase is the digoxin target mediating antiretroviral activity in CD4+ T-cells.

(A) Jurkat cells were infected with VSV-G pseudotyped HIV-1 LAIΔenv_GFP at an MOI of 0.1 in the presence of the indicated doses of digoxin and analysed by flow cytometry 36 hours post-infection. The chemical structure of digoxin is shown at the top. (B) Same as for panel (A) but cells were infected in the presence of Dig(dhd). Dig(dhd) chemical structure is shown at the top. In panels A and B error bars indicate SD, N = 3 independent experiments. (C) Jurkat cells stably expressing the mouse Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase (mATPase), or an empty vector (vector), were infected with HIV-1 LAIΔenv_GFP at an MOI of 0.1 in the presence of the indicated concentrations of cardiac glycosides digoxin or ouabain, both Na+/K+ ATPase antagonists. The percentage of infected, GFP+ cells was determined by FACS 24h post-infection. Data are representative of 3 independent experiments.