Table 1.

Goals of therapy

– Maximize chances of adequate hormone production and future fertility potential by preventing acquired/progressive damage – Avoid unnecessary imaging studies – Minimize parental anxiety – Treat associated conditions, such a patent processus vaginalis/inguinal hernia – Prevent testicular torsion – Avoid missing viable gonadal tissue in an abnormal location (most important intra-abdominal), as it could lead to delayed diagnosis of testicular neoplasm – Locate testicle(s) in a position amenable to self-exam (or caretaker/healthcare provider regular assessment in patients unable to reliably conduct self-examination) – Relocate all viable gonad(s) in scrotum to maximize psychological benefits of normal anatomy – Consider surgical morbidity, comorbidities, life expectancy, and fertility expectations in special situations