Table 4.

IV Estimates Relating Preschool Change to Late-Elementary School Achievement

	Reduced Form	OLS	IV- Reduced Control	IV- Full Controls	IV- Fall 4th Grade	IV- Spring 4th Grade	IV- Spring 5th Grade
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
Math Change		0.535***	0.236*	0.242**	0.132	0.039	0.257**
		(0.041)	(0.113)	(0.081)	(0.109)	(0.096)	(0.079)
Treatment	0.094
	(0.064)
Controls
Entry Math Score	Inc.	Inc.	Inc.	Inc.	Inc.	Inc.	Inc.
Site	Inc.	Inc.	Inc.	Inc.	Inc.	Inc.	Inc.
Block	Inc.	Inc.	Inc.	Inc.	Inc.	Inc.	Inc.
Background Characteristics	Inc.	Inc.		Inc.	Inc.	Inc.	Inc.
Observations	1230	1230	1230	1230	469	543	502

Note. Robust standard errors, shown in parentheses, were adjusted for clustering at the school level. IV estimates were generated using 2SLS. In the models presented in columns 1 through 4, students were observed three times (fall and spring of fourth grade and spring of fifth grade). In the models presented in columns 5 through 7, students were observed only once, and the measurement point of the dependent variable varies in each model. “Inc” denotes the inclusion of various sets of control variables. The dependent variable, late-elementary school math achievement, was within-grade standardized, and the main independent variable, preschool math change, was also standardized. For full list of background controls, see Table 3 note. Coefficients produced by background controls can be found in the online supplementary materials.

^*p<0.05

^**p<0.01

^***p<0.001