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. 2017 Jul 20;7:6001. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04947-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of Slow Breathing (SLB) and Oxygen (O₂), alone (middle data of each panel) and combined (right data in each panel) on autonomic function: baroreflex sensitivity (panels a) and heart rate variability (standard deviation of RR intervals, SDNN, panels b), and blood gases: oxygen saturation (panels c) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO_2-et, panels d). Data from Type 1 diabetic (left panels) and control participants (right panels). Baseline: spontaneous breathing in room air. Within each panel, significances written in red refer to baseline, significances in blue refer to SLB vs O₂. Note the additive effect of oxygen and slow breathing in all autonomic and respiratory variables.