FIGURE 1.

Positions of subsampling from the inactive sulfide chimney (Milli-Q S10 and Milli-Q S10-4) and young sulfate chimney (CAP). (a) Milli-Q S10 inactive sulfide chimney. Red rectangle indicates the analyzed segment in present study. JDF1 was stripped from yellow surficial chimney walls (shown by arrows). Both JDF2 and JDF3 were subsampled from the exterior walls but different locations. JDF4 was taken from the position just under JDF3, while JDF5 was obtained below JDF4 and it was a thin layer of microbial mats. JDF6–JDF8 were stripped step by step from the exterior to the interior around a fluid conduit. JDF9 was subsampled from the inner part of another conduit closely next to JDF6 (shown in figure). JDF10–JDF12 were also obtained layer by layer around one conduit at another side of the chimney. (b) Milli-Q S10-4 structure broken from the inactive chimney and spatial positions of subsampling JDF15–JDF17. JDF15 was stripped from the yellow outer walls, JDF16 was derived from the middle position, and JDF17 was subsampled from a site adjacent to the central channel. (c) Young active sulfate chimney CAP. JDF13 was collected from the exterior wall and JDF14 was taken from the middle part of chimney wall.