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. 2017 Jul 20;7:6018. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06073-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Astrocytes are more broadly involved in SWA than neurons in the early stage of ketamine/xylazine anesthesia. (A–C) Changes in the involvement of neurons and astrocytes in the network activity during SWA under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia after 21 min, 29 min and 100 min from the onset of anesthesia. (A) Fluorescent intensity changes detected in neurons and SR101-identified astrocytes. Individual Ca²⁺ traces (gray) and their averages in neurons (black) and astrocytes (red) are shown on 5-sec segments of the imaging sessions at each time point. (B) The ratio of neurons (black) and astrocytes (red) showing repetitive Ca²⁺ transients in percentage of all astrocytes or neurons, respectively, in the field of view in this particular imaging session. (C) Cross-correlation of neuron/neuron (black), astrocyte/astrocyte (red) and astrocytes/neuron (blue) pairs of active cells (n = 12–420 cell pairs). All data were recorded from the V1 area of a P78 rat.