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. 2017 Jul 20;7:6018. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06073-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extensive synchronized astrocytic activity contributes to the emergent neuronal synchronization in the early stage of ketamine/xylazine anesthesia. (A) The ratio of astrocytes (red) and neurons (black) showing repetitive, UP state-related Ca²⁺ transients in percentage of all astrocytes or neurons, respectively, in the field of view from 5 different (P21-P83) animals (left) and their averages at 5-minute intervals (mean ± SD) (right). Asterisks show significant differences between astrocytes and neurons (p < 0.001). (B) Frequency and amplitude of detected UP state-related Ca²⁺ transients. (C) Effect of the number of surrounding (d < 100 μm) active cells on the ratio of astrocytes (red) and neurons (black) showing repetitive, UP state-related Ca²⁺ transients in percentage of all astrocytes or neurons, respectively, having the same number (0) or same minimum number (1+, 2+, etc.) of adjacent cells. Percentage data are calculated from n = 5 (P21–P83) animals. Red markers represent astroglia, black markers represent neurons. Different symbols represent data from different animals. Astrocytes were identified by SR101 loading (solid symbols) or by astrocyte-specific expression of the red-fluorescence RGECO protein under the control of a GFAP promoter (empty symbols). Ketamin/xylazine was applied at t = 0.