Figure 1.

Dual-photoresponsive cancer therapy: CPC/rGO on claudin 4-overexpressing cancer cells. Schematic diagram showing the CPC/rGO (A) nanosheets. CPC/rGO was composed of the targeting ligand, the photothermal rGO, and the PS Ce6 as an anchoring moiety. CPC/rGO may enter the cells via claudin 4-mediated endocytosis due to the presence of the CPE30 ligand (B). Box (C) illustrates that CPE30 specifically binds to the secondary loop of the claudin 4 receptor, which extends into the extracellular matrix. Irradiation at 660 nm induces ROS generation by Ce6 to apply photodynamic anticancer activity. Irradiation at 808 nm enabled the rGO nanosheets to exert photothermal anticancer activity.