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. 2017 Jul 20;17:110. doi: 10.1186/s12874-017-0369-6

Table 3.

Empirical bias (×10−4) for birthweight and 95% confidence interval for sample size 150

Logistic regression GLMM PQL GLMM GH GEE
Percent. Random Int. Empirical 95% Conf Empirical 95% Conf Empirical 95% Conf Empirical 95% Conf
Twins variance bias Interv. bias Interv. bias Interv. bias Interv.
Outcome Death 4 variables
0.02 2.00 9.60 [9.30 ;10.00] -4.30 [-7.30 ; -1.30] 7.10 [6.60 ; 7.60] 0.00 [-0.60 ; 0.60]
0.05 2.00 9.90 [9.60 ; 10.30] -45.90 [ -50.10 ; -41.70] 4.60 [4.00 ; 5.20] 0.30 [-0.20 ; 0.80]
0.10 2.00 9.90 [9.60 ; 10.30] -44.30 [ -48.40 ; -40.20] 0.90 [ 0.20 ; 1.70] 0.50 [0.20 ; 0.90]
0.20 2.00 9.80 [9.50 ; 10.20] -33.20 [-36.90 ; -29.50] -1.20 [-1.90 ; -0.40] 0.40 [0.10 ; 0.80]
0.02 1.00 5.60 [5.30 ; 6.00] -11.90 [-15.30 ; -8.50] 2.20 [1.60 ; 2.70] 0.10 [-0.20 ; 0.50]
0.05 1.00 5.60 [5.20 ; 6.00] -60.80 [-65.90 ; -55.80] -0.70 [-1.40 ; -0.00] 0.10 [-0.30 ; 0.50]
0.10 1.00 5.40 [5.00 ; 5.70] -61.40 [ -66.40 ; -56.30] -4.10 [-4.80 ; -3.30] -0.20 [-0.50 ; 0.20]
0.20 1.00 5.60 [5.20 ; 6.00] -47.20 [ -51.90 ; -42.40] -5.30 [-6.10 ; -4.50] -0.00 [-0.40 ; 0.30]
0.02 0.50 2.80 [2.50 ; 3.20] -14.30 [-17.90 ; -10.70] -1.80 [-2.40 ; -1.10] 0.00 [-0.50 ; 0.50]
0.05 0.50 2.70 [2.30 ; 3.10] -65.50 [-71.00 ; -60.10] -4.80 [-5.60 ; -4.10] -0.20 [-0.60 ; 0.10]
0.10 0.50 2.60 [2.20 ; 2.90] -64.00 [-69.30 ; -58.80] -6.90 [-7.80 ; -6.10] -0.50 [-0.90 ; -0.10]
0.20 0.50 2.60 [2.20 ; 2.90] -48.90 [-53.80 ; -43.90] -7.60 [-8.50 ; -6.80] -0.50 [-0.90 ; -0.20]
Outcome Death 2 variables
0.02 2.00 9.60 [9.30 ; 10.00] -4.30 [-7.30 ; -1.30] 7.10 [6.60 ; 7.60] 0.00 [-0.60 ; 0.60]
0.05 2.00 9.90 [9.60 ; 10.30] -45.90 [-50.10 ; -41.70] 4.60 [4.00 ; 5.20] 0.30 [-0.20 ; 0.80]
0.10 2.00 9.90 [9.60 ; 10.30] -44.30 [-48.40 ; -40.20] 0.90 [0.20 ; 1.70] 0.50 [0.20 ; 0.90]
0.20 2.00 9.80 [9.50 ; 10.20] -33.20 [-36.90 ; -29.50] -1.20 [-1.90 ; -0.40] 0.40 [0.10 ; 0.80]
0.02 1.00 5.60 [5.30 ; 6.00] -11.90 [-15.30 ; -8.50] 2.20 [1.60 ; 2.70] 0.10 [-0.20 ; 0.50]
0.05 1.00 5.60 [5.20 ; 6.00] -60.80 [-65.90 ; -55.80] -0.70 [-1.40 ; -0.00] 0.10 [-0.30 ; 0.50]
0.10 1.00 5.40 [5.00 ; 5.70] -61.40 [-66.40 ; -56.30] -4.10 [-4.80 ; -3.30] -0.20 [-0.50 ; 0.20]
0.20 1.00 5.60 [5.20 ; 6.00] -47.20 [-51.90 ; -42.40] -5.30 [-6.10 ; -4.50] -0.00 [-0.40 ; 0.30]
0.02 0.50 2.80 [2.50 ; 3.20] -14.30 [-17.90 ; -10.70] -1.80 [-2.40 ; -1.10] 0.00 [-0.50 ; 0.50]
0.05 0.50 2.70 [2.30 ; 3.10] -65.50 [-71.00 ; -60.10] -4.80 [-5.60 ; -4.10] -0.20 [-0.60 ; 0.10]
0.10 0.50 2.60 [2.20 ; 2.90] -64.00 [-69.30 ; -58.80] -6.90 [-7.80 ; -6.10] -0.50 [-0.90 ; -0.10]
0.20 0.50 2.60 [2.20 ; 2.90] -48.90 [-53.80 ; -43.90] -7.60 [-8.50 ; -6.80] -0.50 [-0.90 ; -0.20]
Outcome O2 Dep. 4 variables
0.02 2.00 9.60 [9.30 ; 10.00] -4.30 [-7.30 ; -1.30] 7.10 [6.60 ; 7.60] 0.00 [-0.60 ; 0.60]
0.05 2.00 9.90 [9.60 ; 10.30] -45.90 [-50.10 ; -41.70] 4.60 [4.00 ; 5.20] 0.30 [-0.20 ; 0.80]
0.10 2.00 9.90 [9.60 ; 10.30] -44.30 [-48.40 ; -40.20] 0.90 [0.20 ; 1.70] 0.50 [0.20 ; 0.90]
0.20 2.00 9.80 [9.50 ; 10.20] -33.20 [-36.90 ; -29.50] -1.20 [-1.90 ; -0.40] 0.40 [0.10 ; 0.80]
0.02 1.00 5.60 [5.30 ; 6.00] -11.90 [-15.30 ; -8.50] 2.20 [1.60 ; 2.70] 0.10 [-0.20 ; 0.50]
0.05 1.00 5.60 [5.20 ; 6.00] -60.80 [-65.90 ; -55.80] -0.70 [-1.40 ; -0.00] 0.10 [-0.30 ; 0.50]
0.10 1.00 5.40 [5.00 ; 5.70] -61.40 [-66.40 ; -56.30] -4.10 [-4.80 ; -3.30] -0.20 [-0.50 ; 0.20]
0.20 1.00 5.60 [5.20 ; 6.00] -47.20 [-51.90 ; -42.40] -5.30 [-6.10 ; -4.50] -0.00 [-0.40 ; 0.30]
0.02 0.50 2.80 [2.50 ; 3.20] -14.30 [-17.90 ; -10.70] -1.80 [-2.40 ; -1.10] 0.00 [-0.50 ; 0.50]
0.05 0.50 2.70 [2.30 ; 3.10] -65.50 [-71.00 ; -60.10] -4.80 [-5.60 ; -4.10] -0.20 [-0.60 ; 0.10]
0.10 0.50 2.60 [2.20 ; 2.90] -64.00 [-69.30 ; -58.80] -6.90 [-7.80 ; -6.10] -0.50 [-0.90 ; -0.10]
0.20 0.50 2.60 [2.20 ; 2.90] -48.90 [-53.80 ; -43.90] -7.60 [-8.50 ; -6.80] -0.50 [-0.90 ; -0.20]
Outcome O2 Dep. 2 variables
0.02 2.00 9.60 [9.30 ;10.00] -4.30 [-7.30 ; -1.30] 7.10 [6.60 ; 7.60] 0.00 [-0.60 ; 0.60]
0.05 2.00 9.90 [9.60 ; 10.30] -45.90 [-50.10 ; -41.70] 4.60 [4.00 ; 5.20] 0.30 [-0.20 ; 0.80]
0.10 2.00 9.90 [9.60 ; 10.30] -44.30 [-48.40 ; -40.20] 0.90 [0.20 ; 1.70] 0.50 [0.20 ; 0.90]
0.20 2.00 9.80 [9.50 ; 10.20] -33.20 [-36.90 ; -29.50] -1.20 [-1.90 ; -0.40] 0.40 [0.10 ; 0.80]
0.02 1.00 5.60 [5.30 ; 6.00] -11.90 [-15.30 ; -8.50] 2.20 [1.60 ; 2.70] 0.10 [-0.20 ; 0.50]
0.05 1.00 5.60 [5.20 ; 6.00] -60.80 [-65.90 ; -55.80] -0.70 [-1.40 ; -0.00] 0.10 [-0.30 ; 0.50]
0.10 1.00 5.40 [5.00 ; 5.70] -61.40 [-66.40 ; -56.30] -4.10 [-4.80 ; -3.30] -0.20 [-0.50 ; 0.20]
0.20 1.00 5.60 [5.20 ; 6.00] -47.20 [-51.90 ; -42.40] -5.30 [-6.10 ; -4.50] -0.00 [-0.40 ; 0.30]
0.02 0.50 2.80 [2.50 ; 3.20] -14.30 [-17.90 ; -10.70] -1.80 [-2.40 ; -1.10] 0.00 [-0.50 ; 0.50]
0.05 0.50 2.70 [2.30 ; 3.10] -65.50 [-71.00 ; -60.10] -4.80 [-5.60 ; -4.10] -0.20 [-0.60 ; 0.10]
0.10 0.50 2.60 [2.20 ; 2.90] -64.00 [-69.30 ; -58.80] -6.90 [-7.80 ; -6.10] -0.50 [-0.90 ; -0.10]
0.20 0.50 2.60 [2.20 ; 2.90] -48.90 [-53.80 ; -43.90] -7.60 [-8.50 ; -6.80] -0.50 [-0.90 ; -0.20]