FIG 1.

S. Typhimurium induces the modification of TRAF6. (A) Induction of TRAF6 modification in MEFs by S. Typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Cultured MEFs were infected with equal amounts of bacteria at an MOI of 10 for 1 h. The infected cells were then chased in the presence of gentamicin and were lysed at the indicated times. The proteins of the infected cells were then separated and subjected to Western blot analysis with rabbit anti-TRAF6, using anti-GAPDH as a loading control. The asterisk indicates the predicted mobility of unmodified TRAF6. (B) Quantified ratio of total TRAF6 to GAPDH (from panel A). Each band was measured with ImageJ, and measurements were normalized to GAPDH values. Values are means (± SD) for three independent experiments. Single and double asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in the ratios of TRAF6 to GAPDH within Henle-407 cells and RAW 264.7 cells, respectively, from the values for uninfected cells as determined by Student’s t test.