Table 6.
Cancer-related health history and psychosocial characteristics of participants.
| Variable | Level | Total n (%) | WbF n (%) | RoF n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Personal history of cancer | Yes | 102 (15.8) | 60 (14.3) | 42 (18.7) |
| No | 542 (84.2) | 359 (85.7) | 183 (81.3) | |
| Cancer location | Colon | 4 (3.9) | 3 (5.0) | 1 (2.4) |
| Myeloma | 2 (2.0) | 2 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Other | 14 (13.7) | 5 (8.3) | 9 (21.4) | |
| Prostate | 7 (6.9) | 1 (1.7) | 6 (14.3) | |
| Breast | 18 (17.6) | 13 (21.7) | 5 (11.9) | |
| Cervical | 5 (4.9) | 3 (5.0) | 2 (4.8) | |
| Skin | 47 (46.1) | 29 (48.3) | 18 (42.9) | |
| Leukemia | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.4) | |
| Lymphoma | 4 (3.9) | 4 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Family history of cancer | Yes | 385 (60.6) | 247 (59.7) | 138 (62.4) |
| No | 250 (39.4) | 167 (40.3) | 83 (37.6) | |
| Pap test (women only) | Never | 4 (0.9) | 4 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| <1 year | 235 (50.2) | 158 (50.0) | 77 (50.7) | |
| ≥1 year | 229 (48.9) | 154 (48.7) | 75 (49.3) | |
| Mammography (women only) | Never | 11 (2.6) | 6 (2.2) | 5 (3.6) |
| <1 year | 301 (72.4) | 198 (71.2) | 103 (74.6) | |
| ≥1 year | 104 (25.0) | 74 (26.6) | 30 (21.7) | |
| CRC screening: FOBT (age 50+) | Never | 257 (55.9) | 172 (59.5) | 85 (49.7) |
| <1 year | 34 (7.4) | 22 (7.6) | 12 (7.0) | |
| ≥1 year | 169 (36.7) | 95 (32.9) | 74 (43.3) | |
| CRC screening: colonoscopy (age 50+) | Never | 89 (19.2) | 65 (22.4) | 24 (13.9) |
| <10 years | 365 (78.8) | 219 (75.5) | 146 (84.4) | |
| ≥10 years | 9 (1.9) | 6 (2.1) | 3 (1.7) | |
| CRC screening: Flexible sigmoidoscopy (age 50+) | Never | 392 (85.6) | 250 (87.7) | 142 (82.1) |
| <5 years | 7 (1.5) | 6 (2.1) | 1 (0.6) | |
| ≥5 years | 59 (12.9) | 29 (10.2) | 30 (17.3) | |
| Within guidelines for CRC screening by any test | Yes | 375 (81.0) | 227 (78.3) | 148 (85.5) |
| No | 88 (19.0) | 63 (21.7) | 25 (14.5) | |
| PSA test (men only) | Never | 19 (15.2) | 13 (20.3) | 6 (9.8) |
| <1 year | 81 (64.8) | 42 (65.6) | 39 (63.9) | |
| ≥1 year | 25 (20.0) | 9 (14.1) | 16 (26.2) | |
| Smoking history | Never | 483 (72.9) | 303 (71.1) | 180 (75.9) |
| Former | 163 (24.6) | 108 (25.4) | 55 (23.2) | |
| Current | 17 (2.6) | 15 (3.5) | 2 (0.8) | |
| Snuff history | Never | 618 (93.2) | 397 (93.2) | 221 (93.2) |
| Former | 31 (4.7) | 19 (4.5) | 12 (5.1) | |
| Current | 14 (2.1) | 10 (2.3) | 4 (1.7) | |
| Chewing tobacco history | Never | 625 (94.3) | 403 (94.6) | 222 (93.7) |
| Former | 37 (5.6) | 23 (5.4) | 14 (5.9) | |
| Current | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Health literacy score (higher indicates less literate, range: 0–12) | Mean (SD) | 1.2 (1.8) | 1.2 (1.7) | 1.2 (1.9) |
| CES-D score (higher indicates greater distress, range: 0–60) | Mean (SD) | 7.9 (7.7) | 8.4 (8.2) | 7.0 (6.6) |
| CES-D 16+ | Yes | 86 (13.0) | 60 (14.2) | 26 (11.0) |
| No | 575 (87.0) | 364 (85.8) | 211 (89.0) | |
| Loneliness score (higher indicates greater loneliness, range: 3–9) | Mean (SD) | 3.9 (1.3) | 4.0 (1.3) | 3.8 (1.2) |
| Loneliness score < 4 | Yes | 161 (24.3) | 113 (26.6) | 48 (20.3) |
| No | 501 (75.7) | 312 (73.4) | 189 (79.7) | |
| Do you consider yourself Appalachian? | Yes | 367 (57.1) | 242 (58.0) | 125 (55.3) |
| N006F | 164 (25.5) | 99 (23.7) | 65 (28.8) | |
| Don’t know | 112 (17.4) | 76 (18.2) | 36 (15.9) | |
| Appalachian identity score (higher indicates greater identification, range: 12–84) | Mean (SD) | 64.1 (10.3) | 64.6 (10.4) | 63.1 (10.1) |
| Insomnia score (higher indicates greater insomnia, range: 0–41) | Mean (SD) | 15.9 (6.6) | 16.0 (6.7) | 15.8 (6.5) |
| MSPSS score (higher indicates greater support, range: 12–84) | Mean (SD) | 73.9 (8.8) | 72.2 (9.0) | 72.8 (9.0) |
WbF: Walk by Faith; RoF: Ribbons of Faith; CRC: colorectal cancer; FOBT: fecal occult blood test; SD: standard deviation; PSA: prostate-specific antigen; CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale; MSPSS: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support.