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. 2017 Jun 8;8(6):e2864. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2017.242

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)

Cell Death and Disease is an open-access journal published by Nature Publishing Group. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Autophagy induced by PDT is dependent on the combined effects of the laser and UCNPs-Ce6. (a) The expression levels of the autophagy-related proteins LC3, p62 and beclin 1 2 h after the various treatments. (b) The observation of AVOs induced by various treatments using MDC staining (scale bar, 5 μm). (c) The effects of 3-MA on the expression levels of the autophagy-related proteins LC3, p62 and beclin 1 2 h after PDT. (d) Morphological alterations of THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells following various treatments detected via representative transmission electron microscopy (red arrow: autophagic vacuoles with cytoplasmic contents, scale bar, 2 μm); (n=3; *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 versus control group, ^###P<0.001 versus PDT group)