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. 2017 Jun 8;8(6):e2864. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2017.242

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)

Cell Death and Disease is an open-access journal published by Nature Publishing Group. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Photodynamic effects on peritoneal macrophage-derived foam cells. (a) The effect of PDT on the intracellular lipid burden measured by Dil ox-LDL staining (scale bar, 50 μm). (b) Quantitative detection of the cholesterol efflux following PDT using a fluorometric assay. (c) Morphological alterations following PDT detected via representative transmission electron microscopy (red arrow: autophagic vacuoles with cytoplasmic contents, scale bar, 2 μm). (d) The expression levels of the autophagy-related proteins p62 and LC3 from 40 min to 200 min post-PDT. (e) The effects of LY294002 and IGF-1 on the expression levels of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway-related proteins and the autophagy-related protein LC3 2 h post-PDT. (f) The effects of NAC on the expression levels of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway-related proteins 2 h post-PDT (n=3; *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 versus control group, ^# P<0.05, ^##P<0.01, ^###P<0.001 versus PDT group)