Figure 2.

Ti particles regulate the activity of GSK-3β/β-catenin signal pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in osteogenic medium and 0.1 mg/ml Ti particles for 24 h. (a) pSer9-GSK-3β and GSK-3β were determined by western blot. (b and c) Cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts obtained from the cells were subjected to western blot analysis using β-catenin antibody. (d and e) Gene copies of β-catenin and axin-2 were judged using RT-PCR. (f) MC3T3-E1 cells transiently transfected with TopFlash plasmids were stimulated with Ti particles with or without Wnt3a. After 12 h, luciferase activity was measured in cell lysates. *P<0.05 versus control