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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016 Jun 29;1864(12):1787–1800. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.06.014

Figure 1. Integration of NAD+ and NADH into cellular energy metabolism.

Figure 1

NAD+ reduction to NADH is featured in glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). NADH oxidation to NAD+ occurs in the cytoplasm by action of lactate dehydrogenase and in mitochondria by action of Complex I. These oxidations maintain the high NAD+/NADH ratio maintained by mammalian cells and the majority of mitochondrial production of ATP is directly linked to Complex I activity. Abbreviations: glucose 6-phosphate, G6P; fructose-6-phosphate, F6P; fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, F1,6BP; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; 3-phosphoglycerate, 3PG; phosphoenol pyruvate; oxaloacetate, OA; citrate, CIT; cis-aconitate, cisACT; isocitrate, isoCIT; alpha-ketoglutarate, αKG; succinylCoA, SUCCoA; succinate, SUC; fumarate, FUM; malonate, MAL. Coenzyme Q, CoQ.