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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 21.
Published in final edited form as: Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2017 Feb 16;81:73–78. doi: 10.1101/sqb.2016.81.030981

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Autophagy recycles macromolecules to provide mitochondrial substrates for nucleotide synthesis and energy homeostasis. Tumor cells rely on mitochondria metabolism for their proliferation and tumorigenesis. In starvation, autophagy is essential to mediate substrate recycling to supply tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-associated amino acids, which are further metabolized through the TCA cycle for energy production and de novo nucleotide biosynthesis. OAA, oxaloacetate; ETC, electron transport chain.