Table 1.

A baseline Ti-MIM process.

Steps	Key principle	Specific time, temperature, and such
powder	deagglomerated spheres	gas or plasma atomized
	typically −325 mesh	30 to 60 μm median particle size
	high tap density	60% to 62% of pycnometer density
	low initial oxygen level	0.15 wt % maximum
	low initial carbon level	0.04 wt % maximum
binder	majority low molecular polymer	65% to 75% paraffin wax or polyethylene glycol
	higher molecular weight backbone	15% to 25% polypropylene or ethylene vinyl acetate
	surfactant, lubricant, plasticizer	5% stearic acid
mixing	mixing under protective conditions	vacuum or argon cover gas
	room temperature dry mix all ingredients	at 65 vol % solids loading
	heated, high shear mixing	vacuum mix, 30 min at 120 to 185 °C
	temperature and solids loading target viscosity	at 500 s−1 of 150 to 250 Pa·s
molding	controlled nozzle temperature	120 to 180 °C
	slightly heated mold	30 °C
	injection temperature	160 °C
	injection pressure	30 MPa
	green strength	10 MPa
debinding	first stage solvent immersion	60 °C; water for polyethylene glycol, heptane for paraffin wax
	solvent penetration rate	2 mm/h
	second stage thermal debinding	slow heatargon sweep gas in vacuum
	vacuum final step debinding	heat slowly to 450 °C, hold 1 h
	presinter heating for strength	hold near 900 °C for 1 h, vacuum
sintering	high temperature sintering	vacuum, refractory metal furnace
	support or substrate materials	yttria or zirconia trays
	peak temperature and time	1250 °C for 120 to 180 min
	sintered density	95% of theoretical, closed pore condition
densification	hot isostatic pressing	argon without container
	consolidation conditions	900 °C, 100 MPa, 60 min
properties	final density and grain size	99.5% to 100%
	grain size	40 to 100 µm
	microstructure	mixed alpha and beta,10 µm platelets
	final impurity level	0.20% to 0.22% oxygen, 0.04% carbon
	tensile strength	tensile strength 900 MPa
	tensile elongation	12%
	fatigue endurance limit	up to 500 MPa