Table 2. Model 1—Within clinic integration using internal staff.

Study	Study design	Setting	Model of care	Integration	Screening n (% of those offered)	HIV positive	Treatment coverage	Selection bias
Morgan 2014	Cross-sectional	The National Care and Treatment referral centre (NCTC), Guyana	Single-site approach: VIA screening	VIA provided as a baseline test for all HIV positive women and reinforced by NCTC health team, which also promotes annual VIA screening. Also extends to all women.	1,831	49%	NA: Screening only	N/A
Sirivongrangson 2007	Cross-sectional	An urban infectious disease clinic and an STI clinic, Thailand	Screening: Pap test, HPV DNA test, and screening and treatment of STIs. Referral of those with abnormal cervical cytology.	HIV-infected women attending either an infectious disease clinic or a STI clinic were screened.	150 (70.8%) at infectious disease clinic and 60 (100%) at the STI clinic.	100%	NA: Screening only	N/A
Ibrahim 2013	Retrospective record review	A hospital genitourinary medicine department, the UK	Screening using smear test and cytology. Referred for colposcopy according to local and national guidelines.	CaCx screening integrated into a genitourinary medicine clinic for HIV positive women.	101 (78%)	100%	Following the initial smear, all women were appropriately followed up with annual cytology or referred for colposcopy according to local and national guidelines. 22 patients were lost to follow-up after initial cytology.	N/A
Ekong 2013	Retrospective record review	Five rural ART clinics, Uganda	‘See and Treat’: VIA and cryotherapy, advanced cases referred.	Existing healthcare workers trained to provide CaCx services.	1,088	19%	53.6% (15/28) HIV-positive and VIA-positive women were treated with cryotherapy; 46.4% were referred.	N/A
Moon 2012	Cross-sectional	Four rural family planning health facilities and one referral hospital, Mozambique	‘See and Treat’: VIA and cryotherapy, advanced cases referred. LEEP and surgery were provided at the provincial hospital for serious cases.	CaCx screening, family planning, HIV VCT, and STI and gynecological screening all performed during one visit in the same physical space. Technical assistance infrastructure of a HIV program used to introduce CaCx services.	4,651	12.5%	61% (221/380) of cryotherapy eligible women received same day treatment–increasing from 53% during the first quarter to 96% during the last quarter.	N/A
Mulenga 2012	Cross-sectional	14 Zambia Defense Force mobile HIV VCT service units, Zambia	‘See and Treat’: VIA and cryotherapy, advanced cases referred.	Screening provided on an opt-out bases to women accessing mobile HIV VCT services.	560 (67%)	20%	11% (62/560) were eligible for onsite cryotherapy and were treated immediately, while 5% (26/560) were referred, of these 92% (24/26) completed the referral.	N/A
Anderson 2015	Cross-sectional	24 HIV clinics and 23 reproductive and child health clinics in national, regional, and district hospitals, and health centers, Côte d’Ivoire, Guyana, and Tanzania	‘See and Treat’: VIA and cryotherapy, ineligible referred for LEEP, advanced cases referred.	Existing healthcare workers trained to provide CaCx services. Shared training protocols and multiple types of staff involved.	34,921	26%	85% (2,508) of eligible women received cryotherapy during the same visit; only 234 (52%) of those who postponed returned for treatment; 622 (17%) VIA-positive women were referred for excisional treatment.	N/A
Martin 2014	Retrospective record review	18 CaCx prevention sites, including 10 HIV care and treatment sites, Guyana	‘See and Treat’: VIA and cryotherapy, ineligible referred for LEEP, advanced cases referred, referred patients followed up. Counselling and education.	Physicians and non-physicians trained to provide CaCx screening services. Development of treatment guidelines with Ministry of Health and stakeholders.	21,597	8%	85% (1938) of women eligible for cryotherapy received immediate treatment. Of the 347 women who postponed cryotherapy, 62% returned for treatment, while 38% were lost to follow-up. Half (1,027) of VIA+ women treated with cryotherapy LEEP returned for a 1-year follow-up screening.	Unclear risk of bias
Huchko 2011	Retrospective record review	District hospital and HIV clinics, Kenya	VIA and colposcopy, LEEP treatment, advanced cases referred. Outreach, awareness, and education campaign.	CaCx screening offered as part of routine care at HIV clinics. Full clinic involvement and training. Coordination with local experts and external pathologists.	3,642 (87%)	100%	531 (15%) underwent colposcopy for either positive or unsatisfactory VIA; 243 LEEPs were performed. Eight women (0.1%) were referred for radiation therapy or surgery.	Unclear risk of bias

Abbreviations: VIA: visual inspection with acetic acid, NA: not applicable, STI: sexually transmitted infection, HPV: human papilloma virus, CaCx: cervical cancer, LEEP: loop electrosurgical excision procedure, VCT: voluntary counselling and testing.