Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population by blood pressure category[1].
| All n = 520 |
Normal BP n = 425 | Pre-hypertension n = 51 | Hypertension n = 44 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) | Girls | 260 (50.0) | 214 (50.4) | 21 (41.2) | 25 (56.8) |
| Boys | 260 (50.0) | 211 (49.6) | 30 (58.8) | 19 (43.2) | |
| Age, years | Mean (SD) | 6.45 (1.67) | 6.52 (1.59) | 5.69 (1.85) | 6.67 (2.08) |
| 2-<6 years, n (%) | 177 (34.0) | 138 (32.5) | 26 (51.0) | 13 (29.5) | |
| 6-<10 years, n (%) | 343 (66.0) | 287 (67.5) | 25 (49.0) | 31 (70.5) | |
| BMI, Mean (SD)[2] | z-score | 0.88 (1.27) | 0.82 (1.26) | 0.79 (1.33) | 1.59 (1.10) |
| BMI category, n (%)[2] | Thin | 29 (5.6) | 26 (6.1) | 2 (3.9) | 1 (2.3) |
| Normal weight | 287 (55.2) | 247 (58.1) | 26 (51.0) | 14 (31.8) | |
| Overweight | 121 (23.3) | 92 (21.6) | 15 (29.4) | 14 (31.8) | |
| Obese | 83 (16.0) | 60 (14.1) | 8 (15.7) | 15 (34.1) | |
| FADS1 rs174546, | CC | 266 (51.2) | 220 (51.8) | 26 (51.0) | 20 (45.5) |
| n (%) | CT | 206 (39.6) | 165 (38.8) | 22 (43.1) | 19 (43.2) |
| TT | 48 (9.2) | 40 (9.4) | 3 (5.9) | 5 (11.4) | |
| BP, Mean (SD) | SBP, z-score | 0.41 (0.78) | 0.19 (0.60) | 0.94 (0.49) | 1.89 (0.63) |
| DBP, z-score | 0.63 (0.59) | 0.46 (0.46) | 1.24 (0.38) | 1.56 (0.60) | |
| PUFA, % wt/wt, Mean (SD) | 18:2n-6, LA | 17.9 (2.01) | 17.9 (1.97) | 17.3 (1.83) | 18.1 (2.47) |
| 20:3n-6, DGLA | 1.22 (0.25) | 1.22 (0.25) | 1.23 (0.26) | 1.24 (0.25) | |
| 20:4n-6, ARA | 7.53 (1.34) | 7.50 (1.31) | 7.70 (1.33) | 7.70 (1.66) | |
| 18:3n-3, ALA | 0.20 (0.08) | 0.20 (0.08) | 0.19 (0.09) | 0.20 (0.08) | |
| 20:5n-3, EPA | 0.27 (0.11) | 0.27 (0.11) | 0.25 (0.09) | 0.31 (0.13) | |
| 22:6n-3, DHA | 1.20 (0.45) | 1.18 (0.44) | 1.18 (0.42) | 1.35 (0.48) | |
| D5D index, Mean (SD) | 20:4n-6/20:3n-6 | 6.32 (1.29) | 6.31 (1.30) | 6.44 (1.18) | 6.31 (1.35) |
| SFA, % wt/wt, Mean (SD) | sum | 44.5 (1.93) | 44.5 (1.95) | 44.6 (1.96) | 43.9 (1.66) |
| MUFA, % wt/wt, Mean (SD) | sum | 25.1 (2.38) | 25.0 (2.35) | 25.3 (2.29) | 24.9 (2.72) |
| Family history of hypertension, n (%) | no | 413 (79.4) | 341 (80.2) | 39 (76.5) | 33 (75.0) |
| yes | 107 (20.6) | 84 (19.8) | 12 (23.5) | 11 (25.0) | |
| Parental education, ISCED level, n (%) |
|||||
| Level 0, 1, 2 | 57 (11.0) | 47 (11.1) | 6 (11.8) | 4 (9.1) | |
| Level 3, 4 | 297 (57.1) | 244 (57.4) | 28 (54.9) | 25 (56.8) | |
| Level 5, 6 | 166 (31.9) | 134 (31.5) | 17 (33.3) | 15 (34.1) | |
| Birth weight, Mean (SD) | g | 3352 (537) | 3369 (531) | 3303 (624) | 3254 (488) |
| Consumption frequency of salty/snack food, Mean (SD) |
times per week | 5.34 (4.70) | 5.24 (4.62) | 5.55 (5.22) | 6.11 (4.84) |
| Time spent with audiovisual media, Mean (SD) | hours per week | 12.0 (7.70) | 12.0 (7.81) | 11.6 (6.76) | 12.1 (7.77) |
[1]National Institutes of Health 2005
[2]Cole & Lobstein 2012
ARA, arachidonic acid; ALA, alpha-linolenic acid; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; DGLA, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education; LA, linoleic acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; SFA, saturated fatty acids; % wt/wt, weight percentage of all fatty acids detected.