Table 1. Comparison of the clinical data, histopathological changes and clinical complications in severe malaria cases with and without ARDS.

Parameter	Non-ARDS	ARDS	p-value
Clinical data and complications
Age (year)	3–54 (25.0 ± 15.8)	15–35 (22.7 ± 6.1)	0.690
Parasitaemia/μL upon admission	606,595.50 ± 778,259.56	393,787.77 ± 470,155.51	0.456
Anaemia (%)	75.0 (15/20)	55.6 (5/9)	0.266
Jaundice (%)	75.0 (15/20)	77.8 (7/9)	0.631
Pneumonia (%)	25.0 (5/20)	77.8 (7/9)	0.012
Acute renal failure (%)	45.0 (9/20)	0.0 (0/9)	0.017
Acidosis (%)	35.0 (7/20)	33.3 (3/9)	0.636
Shock (%)	15.0 (3/20)	22.2 (2/9)	0.502
Systemic bleeding (%)	0.0 (0/20)	55.6 (5/9)	0.001
Hypoglycaemia (%)	10.0 (2/20)	11.1 (1/9)	0.688
Cerebral malaria (%)	70.0 (14/20)	55.6 (5/9)	0.364
Quantitative lung ultrastructure
% PRBCs sequestration	55.5 ± 40.34	75.0 ± 36.09	0.206
Malarial pigment/grid square	10.8 ± 6.63	22.6 ± 11.76	0.002
Histopathological changes (median score)
Pulmonary oedema (%)	65 (13/20)	77.8 (7/9)	0.041
Alveolar expansion	1.63 ± 1.11	1.40 ± 0.84	0.540
Septal congestion	1.78 ± 0.92	1.70 ± 0.48	0.776
Malarial pigment	1.75 ± 0.93	2.40 ± 0.84	0.040
Alveolar haemorrhage	0.69 ± 0.98	2.00 ± 0.94	0.001
PRBCs sequestration	1.48 ± 1.06	1.30 ± 0.82	0.617
WBC accumulation	2.03 ± 0.72	2.20 ±0.42	0.489
Hyaline membrane formation	0.0 ± 0.0	1.30 ± 0.67	0.000

Note; ARDS; acute respiratory distress syndrome, PRBS; parasitized red blood cells, WBC; white blood cell, %; percent, μL; microlitter