Table 1.
Anthropometric and metabolic measures of the study groups
| All | Males | Females | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Population-based longitudinal outpatient study | |||
| N | 5,870 | 2,572 | 3,298 |
| Birth year | 1,966 ± 16 | 1,967 ± 16 | 1,966 ± 16 |
| Maximum BMI (kg/m2) | 35.2 ± 8.4 | 33.9 ± 8.1 | 36.1 ± 8.5 |
| Age (years) | 29.6 ± 11.4 | 28.9 ± 11.3 | 30.1 ± 11.4 |
| Body composition inpatient study | |||
| N | 917 | 506 | 411 |
| Age (years) | 28.0 ± 8.0 | 28.1 ± 8.3 | 28.0 ± 7.6 |
| PFAT (%) | 33.4 ± 8.5 | 28.4 ± 7.0 | 39.7 ± 5.7 |
| FM (kg) | 33.0 ± 14.6 | 29.3 ± 14.0 | 37.6 ± 13.9 |
| FFM (kg) | 62.5 ± 14.2 | 68.8 ± 13.4 | 54.7 ± 10.9 |
| Height (cm) | 166.6 ± 8.4 | 172.1 ± 6.2 | 159.9 ± 5.2 |
| Respiratory chamber inpatient study | |||
| N | 419 | 254 | 165 |
| Age (years) | 27.8 ± 6.4 | 27.8 ± 6.6 | 27.8 ± 6.2 |
| Body weight (kg) | 95.3 ± 22.3 | 98.6 ± 22.7 | 90.2 ± 20.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.2 ± 7.5 | 33.4 ± 7.3 | 35.3 ± 7.7 |
| PFAT (%) | 32.6 ± 8.2 | 28.7 ± 6.9 | 38.8 ± 6.0 |
| FM (kg) | 32.0 ± 13.0 | 29.5 ± 12.9 | 35.8 ± 12.2 |
| FFM (kg) | 63.3 ± 12.6 | 69.0 ± 10.9 | 54.4 ± 9.5 |
| Fasting plasma glucose concentration (mg/dL) | 88.8 ± 10.0 | 87.3 ± 9.9 | 91.2 ± 9.7 |
| 2-h plasma glucose concentration (mg/dL) | 123.0 ± 30.5 | 115.8 ± 30.0 | 134.0 ± 28.0 |
| 24-h EE (kcal/day) | 2,354 ± 396 | 2,531 ± 347 | 2,083 ± 303 |
| Adjusted 24-h EE (kcal/day)# | 0 ± 142.9 | 0 ± 147.0 | 0 ± 136.9 |
| SPA (%) | 7.5 ± 2.5 | 7.7 ± 2.5 | 7.1 ± 2.5 |
| Sleeping EE (kcal/day) | 1,672 ± 284 | 1,776 ± 271 | 1,513 ± 223 |
| Adjusted sleeping EE (kcal/day)# | 0 ± 135.3 | 0 ± 144.4 | 0 ± 120.3 |
| AFT (kcal/14 h) | 263 ± 122 | 288 ± 129 | 223 ± 99 |
| Adjusted AFT (kcal/14 h)# | 0 ± 114.8 | 0 ± 124.2 | 0 ± 98.6 |
| Ventilated hood inpatient study | |||
| N | 509 | 301 | 208 |
| Age (years) | 26.9 ± 6.1 | 26.8 ± 6.4 | 26.9 ± 5.8 |
| Body weight (kg) | 93.4 ± 23.0 | 97.3 ± 24.2 | 87.8 ± 19.9 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.5 ± 7.6 | 32.9 ± 7.6 | 34.5 ± 7.4 |
| PFAT (%) | 32.3 ± 8.5 | 28.2 ± 7.4 | 38.2 ± 6.4 |
| FM (kg) | 31.2 ± 13.5 | 28.9 ± 13.9 | 34.5 ± 12.2 |
| FFM (kg) | 62.2 ± 12.9 | 68.4 ± 11.6 | 53.3 ± 8.8 |
| Fasting plasma glucose concentration (mg/dL) | 89.3 ± 10.0 | 87.4 ± 9.5 | 92.1 ± 10.0 |
| 2-h plasma glucose concentration (mg/dL) | 122.8 ± 30.3 | 115.7 ± 28.1 | 132.9 ± 30.5 |
| RMR (kcal/day) | 1,758 ± 326 | 1,878 ± 322 | 1,587 ± 247 |
| Adjusted RMR (kcal/day)# | 0 ± 189.6 | 0 ± 212.4 | 0 ± 151.4 |
Data are mean ± SD unless otherwise noted.
#All four EE measures (24-h EE, sleeping EE, AFT, and RMR) are adjusted for age, sex, FM, and FFM by linear regression analysis; 24-h EE and AFT are further adjusted for SPA and for fasting glucose levels, respectively.