Fig. 5. Cell lifetime at various frequencies with fixed Ton.
(A) Cell lifetime (Tc) of Li/Li symmetrical cells cycled with pulse current at various Toff with fixed Ton = 1 s. (B) Cell lifetime (Tc) of Li/Li symmetrical cells cycled with pulse current at various Toff with fixed Ton = 5 s. (C) Cell lifetime (Tc) of Li/Li symmetrical cells cycled with pulse current at various Toff with fixed Ton = 10 s. The cell lifetime is calculated when the amplitude of the voltage exceeds 1 V. Fourteen cells under each cycling condition are tested, and their cell lifetimes are displayed in filled square with different colors. The red column shows the average lifetime from the 14 points. (D) Average cell lifetime as a function of Ton/Toff ratios at fixed Ton of 1, 5, or 10 s.